
^ 




EPIZOOTIC LYMPHANGITIS 



^&:-. :\. 



A TREATISE 



ON 



EPIZOOTIC LYMPHANGITIS 



BY 

Capt. a. \V. PALLIN, F.R.C.V.S. 

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT 



WITH ILLUSTRATIONS 




New York 

WILLIAM R. JENKINS CO. 

PUBLISHERS 

851-853 Sixth Avenue 
1912 




SOURCE UNKNOWN 






CONTENTS 











PAGE 


Introduction I 


Literature on the Disease 








I 


Nature of the Disease . 








2 


History ..... 








3 


Geographical Distribution 








9 


Bacteriology .... 








II 


Staining ..... 








12 


Culture 








• 17 


Incubative Period 








^9 


Symptoms ..... 








20 


„ Cutaneous variety 








20 


„ Mucous Membrane variety 








24 


„ General 








27 


„ in Cattle . 








30 


Post-Mortem Lesions .... 








30 


Diagnosis ...... 








32 


Differential Diagnosis .... 








33 


Experimental Inoculation and Susceptibl 


e Spe< 


:ies . 




39 


Resistance of the Virus 








43 


Immunity ..... 








43 


Predisposing Causes 








44 


General Methods of Infection 








4S 


Treatment 








46 


„ External 








47 


„ Internal .... 








48 


Mortality and Prognosis 








48 


Prophylaxis ..... 








49 


Concluding Remarks .... 








55 


Statistics of an Outbreak in India . 








56 


Plates 




Order of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries . Appendix i 


Order of the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction 


for Ireland ..... 




I 


^ppen 


dix ii 



ILLUSTRATIONS 

Plate I. An unstained preparation of the organisms. 

II. A stained preparation of the organisms. 

III. Some cutaneous lesions of the disease. 

IV. Different forms and cultures of the organisms. 
V. Lesions on the lip of a mule. 

VI. „ „ right fore limb of a mule. 

VII. „ „ left fore limb of a horse. 

VIII. „ „ „ „ „ —continued. 

IX. „ „ right hind limb of a mare. 

■'*■• » >» » » >j 

XL „ ,, vulva of a mule. 

XII. „ in the submaxilliary space of a horse. 

XIII. „ on the nasal mucous membranes of a horse. 

XIV 
XV 
XVI 
XVII. „ in the right eye of a horse. 



I 



PREFACE 

N the following treatise I have endeavoured to 
combine my experiences with that of other 
writers on a subject which must be of great 
interest to the veterinary profession generally, 
especially in this country at the present moment, 
and it attempts to give a clear and complete 
account of a subject about which there is at 
present a paucity of English veterinary literature. 
References to the literature on the subject 
have been freely made, but I wish to express my 
indebtedness to the works of Nocard and 
Leclainche, and Tokishige, and also to state that 
I am greatly indebted to Professor Boyce in 
permitting me to publish my work under the 
auspices of the University Press of Liverpool. 

W. A. PALLIN 



June, 1904 



PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION 

iWING to the favourable manner in which 
this little work has been received by 
the public, and more especially by the 
military authorities, a second edition has already 
been demanded to complete orders ; consequently, 
there has been little time for the purpose of 
revision, and with the exception of a few minor 
alterations and the addition of an index, the book 
is practically a reprint of the first edition. 

W. A. PALLIN 



September, 1904 



EPIZOOTIC LYMPHANGITIS 

Introduction 

IN offering the following small work on this interest- 
ing subject to the public, I wish to explain that 
although I have not yet published anything about 
epizootic lymphangitis, I have nevertheless been collect- 
ing data and had some considerable experience of the 
disease in various parts of the world since the year 1899, 
when I first came in contact with it at a remount depot 
in Northern India, where I had to deal with a very large 
outbreak for some fourteen months. Since then I have 
observed the disease in China in 1 900-1 901, Japan in 
1 90 1 in the form of preserved pathological and bacterio- 
logical specimens. In India again in 1902, and in 
Ireland in 1903 and 1904. 

Literature on the Disease 

Until quite recently very little had been written 
about the disease, at least so far as English literature is 
concerned, and even now, a good clear concise account of 
the disease is not yet to be found in any of our standard 
books, although the disease has been recognized in 
England amongst army horses returning from South 
Africa since 1 902, and since last autumn in Ireland also 
amongst army horses, and recently in London and 
other centres in England amongst private animals. 
The earliest reports I can find on the subject in EngHsh 
were made by Moore (in the Veterinary Record for 1896) 
who apparently had some cases of the diseases amongst 
government horses in Bengal in 1894. Evans appears 
to have studied the disease in Burma about the same 



time, and their experiences are embodied in a pamphlet 
edited by Pease in 1897, who gives a detailed account 
of Moore's cases, but confounds them with another 
disease, viz., * Ulcerative Lymphangitis.' In later 
years the disease has been studied by Lingard in 
\nd\^{sQQ Annual Report^ 1 900-1 901), and quite recently 
articles have appeared in the Veterinary Journals by 
Holmes, Martin, Brodie-Mills, Hunting, MacFadyean, 
Head, Butler, Cranford, and others, and a small note on 
the disease also appears in Hayes's Translation of Fried- 
herger and Fr'dhner, Vol. I, at the end of the chapter on 
glanders, and Hayes also gives a short account of the 
disease in his last edition of Veterinary ISotes for Horse 
Owners. Since the foregoing remarks were penned, I 
find that Law in his new work, recently published. Bow- 
hill in his book on Bacteriological Technique^ and Williams 
in his last edition of Veterinary Surgery ^ also describe the 
disease, but the clearest accounts of it have been written 
by the French veterinarians, Ed. Nocard and E. 
Leclainche, in their Les Maladies Microbiennes des 
Animaux^ Vol. II, and by Tokishige in a pamphlet on 
Japanese Farcy, dated May, 1897, and it is from these 
two last works that most of the information as regards 
the history and early experiments on the disease have 
been obtained. The latest addition to the literature on 
this subject in English is a paper written by Martin, 
which was discussed by the members of the National 
Veterinary Association at their Meeting, held in Dublin 
on the 1 6th and 17th August, 1904. 

Nature of the Disease 

Epizootic lymphangitis is a virulent inoculable 
disease, characterized by suppuration of the superficial 
and subcutaneous lymphatic vessels, due to the presence 



of a specific organism. The disease is observed almost 
exclusively in solipeds, but Tokishige reports having 
seen it affecting cattle in Japan. 

History 

The disease has from time immemorial been 
invariably confounded with glanders (farcy) and ulcera- 
tive lymphangitis, in whatever part of the world it has 
appeared, and even with the assistance of mallein and 
modern science, veterinarians of nearly every nationality 
still continue to make the same mistakes. Since the 
commencement of the nineteenth century, about 1820, 
French veterinarians have recognized the disease under 
the names river farcy, farcin en cul de poule^ curable 
or benign farcy, a particular form of farcy character- 
ized by the appearance of sores exclusively on the skin, 
and any attempt that was made to classify the disease 
almost always resolved itself into simply recognizing it 
as glanders (farcy) of the skin. H. Bouley in an 
article dated i860, recognizes no other diseases resemb- 
ling glanders (farcy) except traumatic thrombosis of 
the lymphatics and the well-known complications of 
strangles and horse pox. 

In 1865 Pearson studied the disease in Sweden, 
and he declared that the farcy of the north was not 
real farcy, but only a form of lymphangitis which 
yielded to treatment. Delormi, in 1867, described 
several cases of a benign form of farcy, which in no 
case terminated in glanders, and he hesitatingly questions 
the identity of true glanders and glanders (farcy) with- 
out ever suspecting the existence of any other form of 
farcy. 

The question of the diagnosis was raised again in 
1870 by French veterinary officers who observed a 



special form of epizootic farcy both in Algeria and 
France. Barrier Senior was of the opinion ' That the 
Algerian farcy was a particular disease of the lymphatic 
system,' and his statement to that effect was almost 
immediately challenged by Tixier and Delamotte, who 
were misled by the co-existence of glanders amongst 
their patients, and they finally concluded that African 
farcy was identical with glanders (farcy) and, in this 
respect, history has repeated itself over and over again, 
as both in India in 1899, and in South Africa during 
the recent war, the disease was confounded with glanders, 
and in many cases for that very same reason, viz., the 
co-existence of both diseases, the one recognized and 
the other (being unfamiliar) not recognized, until 
recently, as a separate disease. In France the unity of 
the different forms of farcy was acknowledged, and the 
African farcy was considered to be an attenuated form 
of glanders (farcy) until 1873, when Rivolta discovered 
the organism, viz., a cryptococcus. 

In 1 88 1 Chenier wrote an article explaining 
definitely the difference between farcy (glanders) and 
farcy (lymphangitis), pointing out that the latter disease 
only affects the lymphatic system and is not of the 
same nature as glanders, and that experimental inocula- 
tions of material from animals affected with the disease 
never produce true glanders. Finally, in 1883, 
Rivolta and Micellone published a paper containing a 
precise account of the nature of the disease ; they 
pointed out the constant presence in the pus from the 
nodules and cords of a particular organism, already 
described by Rivolta in 1873, in certain forms of farcy, 
and they state that there exists amongst horses a variety 
of farcy which may be called cryptococcic, 

(i) Because it is produced and develops from a 
cryptococcus. 



(2) Because the cryptococcus is always to be found 
in the abscesses and cords of the farcy. 

(3) Because the cryptococcus is also to be found 
constantly in isolated pustules or originally 
deep seated in the skin and which have not 
yet come in contact with the air. 

(4) Because inoculated into a healthy horse it 
multiplies prodigiously at the seat of inocula- 
tion where by degrees it gives rise to first a 
nodule, then a tumour, and then a tumefaction. 

They then go on to state that the disease produced by 
this cryptococcus is the same as that described by the 
Frenchman, Chenier, several years before, under the 
name of African or river farcy. 

Almost about the same time Bassi confirmed 
these new discoveries and reported some interesting 
clinical observations, and gave an account of some 
attempts at experimental inoculations. Since then 
' epizootic lymphangitis ' has formed the subject of 
several essays by French veterinary officers (namely, 
Jaubert, Quiclet, Debrade, Wiart, Peupion, Boinet, and 
Chauvrat). Peuch gives a similar description of the 
disease, and in i 891 Nocard also found the cryptococcus 
in the pus and tissues, and pointed out the diagnostic 
importance of the constant presence of the parasite, and 
how easily it can be found ; he also called attention 
to the existence in some cases of lesions on the mucous 
membranes resembling glanders. 

Tokishige sat with a special Board of Commissioners 
in 1 88 8, when they conducted experiments on this disease 
in Japan, where it has been known for years under the 
name of Japanese farcy. They reported having first found 
a characteristic bacillus identical with Schatz-Loeffler's 
bacillus, but in 1893 Tokishige found a second 
pathological germ which he described as a kind of 



* saccharomyces,' and mentioned, at the same time, that 
these organisms were found both In horses and cattle 
presenting symptoms of Japanese farcy. According to 
this writer the disease has been known in Japan under 
different synonyms, i.e., Japanese farcy (Hiso), Pseudo- 
farcy (Kasei-hlso), Equine Pox (Hoso), Equine Syphilis 
(Kasa), Inundation Fever (Gogue Netsu), Yakume 
(duty), Dekime (eruption), Inochitori (fatal), and he 
described it as a special kind of skin disease prevailing 
amongst horses and cattle, and states that the Japanese 
farmers believe that horses, especially foals, must 
in the natural course of events contract the disease, 
but that having once safely got over It the animal 
becomes not only immuned against another attack, but 
is stronger and more robust in its constitution, and con- 
sequently, owing to this fallacy, are considered more 
valuable — a common saying amongst Japanese farmers, 
who have a pony that has recovered, is literally trans- 
lated ' my pony has done his duty.' Mention of this 
only shows how wide-spread the disease Is In that 
country. Formerly it was only known in the north- 
eastern part of Japan, more especially in Sendal and the 
neighbourhood, later on the disease gradually spread over 
a wide area towards the south-east, and subsequently it 
was found in nearly all the provinces of Japan : their 
statistics show a total number of 16,497 cases from 
1887-95, an average of over one thousand cases per 
annum. It is said to prevail in low marshy districts and 
after inundations, also more in the rainy seasons than 
the dry, and more in the cold seasons than the hot. 
The ancient history of disease in Japan is quite 
unknown, a description of some form of skin disease 
called sD or wD which appears to be similar to It Is 
found in some of their old veterinary literature, which 
is mostly translated from the Chinese, but even then 



they (the Japanese) seem to think that the disease therein 
referred to was glanders, which they state is very common 
amongst Chinese ponies. My own experience in China 
in 1 900-1 90 1 goes to substantiate this statement, as 
glanders was found to be very common amongst Chinese 
ponies and mules in North China : yet cases of epizootic 
lymphangitis were also recognized by me, although I 
doubt very much if the Chinese themselves recognize 
more than one disease : a veterinary practitioner, whom 
I met out there, also only recognized glanders. How- 
ever, Tokishige says the disease in Japan can be traced 
back many hundred years, and although it was naturally 
first thought to have been imported from China and 
Korea, the Japanese hearing later of the prevalence of 
the disease in Southern Europe and Africa were then 
more inclined to think that it came not from China but 
from Africa or Europe, and Tokishige, in a footnote, 
mentions that Masamune imported Persian horses into 
the north-east of Japan (but no date is given). 

In India, as already stated, cases were recognized 
in 1894 by Moore, under the name of ulcerative 
lymphangitis, which, in my opinion, his experiments 
go to prove were really epizootic lymphangitis. It 
appears to have been well known in Burma for many 
years, but Lingard was the first to recognize the organ- 
ism in India, and was of the opinion that the outbreaks 
in the remount depots at Karnal and Hapur, in 1899, 
originated from mules imported from Italy in the 
previous year. But the history of the outbreak in the 
Hapur depot, at least, goes to prove that the disease 
originated amongst the Indian country-bred horses, 
as no cases were recognized amongst the mules until 
several months after the disease had broken out amongst 
the horses ; there was nothing to show that any of the 
mules ever had any symptoms of disease previous to 



8 

the cases amongst the horses, and Lingard's assumption 
was made simply on the fact that the disease was at 
that time known in Italy, but not apparently known 
to him to have previously existed in India. My 
subsequent experience of the disease leads me to think 
that it has been in India for years, unrecognized, and 
confounded with glanders. I had personal experience 
myself in this very same outbreak of so-called unsatis- 
factory results with mallei n, and I am well aware that 
many other similar experiences were also reported from 
various parts of India, and that in each case the disease 
being dealt with was not glanders but epizootic lymph- 
angitis or both diseases co-existing. In many cases the 
appearances, both ante-mortem and post-mortem^ were 
misleading — the (mallein) temperature charts were 
occasionally unreliable and appeared at times to be 
subject to climatic and local influences. 

The disease next appears to have been imported 
into South Africa during the war, as although it had 
been known in Algiers and Egypt for many years 
before that, there is no record of it being in South 
Africa previous to the war ; however, seeing how per- 
sistently it has been confounded with glanders, it may 
have been there all the time unrecognized ; in any case, 
there was ample opportunity during the war for the 
disease being imported into the country by remounts 
from all over the world, e.g.^ Southern Europe and 
India, these being known centres of the disease at the 
time. 

From South Africa the disease, as before stated, 
has been imported into England and Ireland by govern- 
ment horses returned from the Cape ; the first case 
was, I understand, detected at Aldershot, in 1902, and 
the first case detected in Ireland was, curiously enough, 
recognized by meat the Curragh, in October, 1903, and 



outbreaks have now occurred at several centres 
throughout England and Ireland. 

The spread and continued existence of this disease 
amongst army horses in Great Britain and Ireland is 
causing considerable anxiety to civilian horse-owners, 
and has been the subject matter of several important 
questions being raised about it in the House of Commons 
during the last three months. 

The army statistics on the subject, made up to 
the 28 th July, 1904, shew that up to date there have 

been 

In England 21 centres of infection. 

„ Ireland 9 „ „ 





Total 30 „ 


>> 




Cured. 


Remaining. 


Destroyed. 


Total. 


32 


108 


254 


39+ 



Geographical Distribution 

In France the disease was formerly known in a 
number of regions, particularly in the south-east ; it 
was first known by the name of river farcy on account 
of it being more particularly noticed amongst the 
horses employed in towing boats on the rivers and 
canals. It spread from the south to the north and 
invaded the eastern and central departments, and from 
1850 it was confounded with glanders and was dealt 
with as such in so far as sanitary precautions were con- 
cerned, but new centres kept appearing in the French 
cavalry which became infected more or less directly 
from horses imported from Algeria, where the disease 
was known to exist ; it still exists in Southern France, 
and until recently was also to be found in the Maritime 
Alps and in Le Var. 

In Sweden it is known as * Norlander Rotz,' and 
according to Delarne and Norrland it was formerly quite 



lO 



common in some provinces. Lindqvist states it still 
exists in Finland, and it is said that he recognized the 
cryptococcus of Rivolta in 1871. 

In Russia, some sixteen cases were reported amongst 
horses in 1896, and twenty-six more in 1897, all from 
a village in the province of Novgorod ; it is also reported 
from the province of Olonetz, where it is more inclined 
to take the nasal form, and as a result caused frequent 
slaughter of horses considered to be glandered. 

In Italy a curable or benign form of farcy has been 
known for quite a long time under the names of Naples 
or Neapolitan farcy and Mai del Ferme, zndwzs apparently 
so common that Professor Caparini is said to have stated 
at Naples that farcy is a disease so common that people 
who are absolutely ignorant about medicine might almost 
recognize it at first sight, and 1,200 horses are stated to 
have been treated for the disease at the Naples Clinique 
during the space of five years. Bassi also reports a 
number of cases at Turin. In Algiers the disease is well- 
known in several regions both amongst horses and mules. 

In Egypt, Bosso reported a number of cases at 
Cairo in 1875, '^^^^ ^ understand that the disease is 
still met with there and known under the name of 
Saurago, and by the Arabs as 'El djedre,' as distinguished 
from glanders farcy, ' Bou-cha K'ar ' or ' Bow-achem.* 
The disease is also known in the Dutch Indies (Java and 
Bali) under the name of * Patek.' 

Nocard and Leclainche state that the disease is also 
known in Gaudaloupe, where they say that it and 
glanders decimate the mule population. 

Tokishige also mentions having seen the disease 
amongst cattle in Japan ; that it is not altogether rare, 
and that, although there are some differences in the 
symptoms observed in cattle and in the horse, the 
saccharomyces appear to be the same. 



II 

Zschokke and Nocard also make mention of a 
disease affecting cattle in Gaudaloupe, viz., bovine farcy 
or facin du boeuf ; but Nocard appears to have found 
that this disease (In cattle) was due to a streptothrix with 
which he Inoculated guinea-pigs, oxen, and sheep, but 
horses, asses, dogs, and rabbits were found to be 
immune. Thus this would appear to be quite a 
different disease from epizootic lymphangitis In solipeds, 
and also from that noticed by Tokishlge amongst cattle 
in Japan. 

According to Nocard and Leclainche there have 
been no cases of the disease noticed in Central Europe ; 
and Tokishlge pointed out that there was no mention 
of it either in English, German, or American literature. 

Bacteriology 

The cryptococcus is found abundantly in the mor- 
bid tissues and products, partly free in the plasma and 
partly enclosed in pus corpuscles, which are often loaded 
with ten or even twenty to thirty of them, causing the 
corpuscles to be sometimes double or triple their normal 
size. It is a slightly ovoid body, one end of which is 
generally pointed and the other rounded. It is 
characterized by its clearly defined contour and its very 
refractlle double outline. 

It measures about 3 to 4 /x in diameter, and In un- 
stained preparations is best seen with a one-twelfth oil 
immersion and an Abbe condenser under a magnification 
of not less than eight hundred to one thousand diameters, 
particular attention being paid to the regulating of the 
light ; in stained specimens the organism can be easily 
seen under a much lower power. 

The classification of the parasite has been discussed 
by several writers on the subject. Canalls puts it in 



12 

the group of coccidia, Plana and Galli-Vallerlo amongst 
the sporozoa, and Formi and Aruch in the blastomy- 
cetes, but Tokishige was the first to express the opinion 
that it was a class of saccharomyces, and Marcone, being 
of the same opinion, was anxious to change the name 
of the disease then already well-known as epizootic 
lymphangitis to Saccharomycosis farcimifiosus(R.ivo\t?L), and 
as these two observers both claimed to have cultivated the 
organism I am inclined to accept their opinion and adopt 
their nomenclature. 

According to Tokishige the organism is provided 
with a thick membrane, the contents of which are more 
or less homogeneous and transparent or finely granular, 
and usually a coccus-like granule measuring -25 to i fi 
in diameter is suspended in it. 

The granule is either colourless or faintly yellow, 
has a strong refractive power, and performs a lively 
molecular movement, wandering in the contents, and 
generally found near one pole. Sometimes also collapsed 
semi-lunar cells are found ; these, he says, are probably 
old varieties whose contents have been evacuated. 

Although somewhat smaller than the yeast of beer, 
Tokishige drew attention to the fact that it was a 
vegetable organism resembling the yeast fungus, and 
belonged to the order of saccharomyces. Fermi and 
Aruch both disagree with him on this, and point out 
that it does not ferment sugar. 

Staining 

This is said by almost every writer on the subject 
to be difficult, and even by Nocard himself, who appears 
to have been the first to stain the organism. He 
recommends both the Gram-Nicolle and Gram-Weigert- 
Kuhne methods, but since the disease was first 



13 

recognized in Ireland, during last October, I have to 
state from information gained from an unpublished note 
that Mettam was the first to show how easily really the 
organism could be stained by either of these methods, 
also that by a modification of the latter, he claims to 
have had the most satisfactory results. — Vide Veterinary 
Record^ ]u.\\t 25, 1904. And I may here state that in 
doubtful cases staining is invaluable for absolute accuracy 
and expedience in diagnosing the presence or other- 
wise of the organism in a specimen from a suspected 
wound or abscess. 

Nocard and Leclainche state that carbol-fuchsin 
stains the organism after long contact, and they also 
mention that Loefiler's method for staining cilia may 
also be resorted to. 

Recently the organism has been also stained by the 
Claudius method, and in this connexion the name of 
Bowhill should be mentioned as having been the first 
to recommend it. — Vide Veterinary Record^ January 9, 
1904. For the convenience of my readers the 
following information regarding the technique of the 
best methods of staining the organism are given, together 
with the composition of the reagents required : — 

(i) NicoUe's Violet — 

Saturated solution of gentian violet in 90 per cent. 

alcohol ....... loc.c. 

I per cent, aqueous solution carbolic acid . .100 c.c. 

(2) Nicolle's Thionine — 

Saturated solution of thionine in 90 per cent, alcohol 10 c.c. 
I per cent, aqueous solution of carbolic acid . 100 c.c. 

(3) Solution for Gram-Weigert-Kuhne's method — 

Concentrated solution of crystal violet . . .1 part. 

Distilled water, to which a few drops of hydrochloric 

acid have been added ..... 10 parts. 



(4) Gram's Iodine solution (Lugol's solution) — 

Iodine I part. 

Iodide of potassium ...... 2 parts. 

Distilled water ....... 300 parts. 

(5) Kuhne's Iodine solution — 

Iodine 2 parts. 

Iodide of potassium ...... 4 parts. 

Distilled water 100 parts. 

(6) Zeihl's solution, * carbol-fuchsin ' — 

Fuchsin i gramme 

Absolute alcohol . . . . . .10 c.c. 

5 per cent, aqueous solution of carbolic acid . 100 c.c. 

(7) Counter stain — 

Saturated solution of vesuvine (Bismarck brown). 

(8) Decolourizing agents — 

Alcohol or aniline oil. 

(9) Clarifying agents — 

Zylol or clove oil. 

(10) Mounting agents — 

Canada balsam or Farrant's solution. 

Gram-Nicolle method. 

Make a thin smear of pus from the suspected 
wound, ulcer or pustule, on a cover-glass or slide, fix it 
in the ordinary manner by passing it three times through 
the flame, and then proceed to stain either with No. i 
or No 2 solution, leaving it on for about five minutes ; 
then run it off, removing the superfluous stain by waving 
it for a moment or two in water, and put on the No. 4 
solution, which fixes the stain in the organism. After 
leaving this on for about two or three minutes, run it 
off^ and treat with alcohol, which takes the stain out of 
everything except the various organisms which have 



15 

taken it up ; in fact it will begin to remove it from 
the cryptococci also if left on more than a few seconds. 
Having nov/ decolourized put on the No. 7 solution (the 
counter stain), and after having left this on for about 
three minutes run it off, wash in water, and dry. The 
specimen is now ready to be examined under the 
microscope and may be mounted in Canada balsam. 

Gram-Weigert-Kuhne method. 

1 . Stain with the No. 3 solution for five to fifteen 
minutes. 

2. Wash in water. 

3. Dry with blotting paper. 

4. Treat with the No. 5 iodine solution for one 
to two minutes. 

5. Dry with blotting paper. 

6. Carefully decolourize with aniline oil. 

7. Treat with zylol, and mount in Canada balsam. 
Sections may be stained by this method, but they first 
require staining for half-an-hour with lithium carmine 
solution (carmine 2*5 to 100 parts of saturated solution 
of lithium carbonate). Differentiate in alcohol or hydro- 
chloric acid alcohol, then wash in water and proceed as 
before. 

Mettam's modification of the above method 
principally consists in using hot carbol-fuchsin instead of 
the No. 3 solution. He points out the advantage of 
occasionally examining the specimens under the micro- 
scope to see how decolourization is progressing, and 
the necessity of checking the action of the aniline oil 
by thoroughly washing with zylol before the organisms 
are completely decolourized, or only appear as red 
rings, as they are very apt to do. He also recommends 
fixing the specimen in alcohol in preference to heat. 



i6 

Claudius method. 

Stain with a i per cent, aqueous solution of methyl 
violet for two minutes, wash and place in a half-saturated 
solution of picric acid for one or two minutes. De- 
colourize with chloroform or clove oil, then treat with 
zylol and mount in Canada balsam. 

Note. — In staining this organism the iodine solution 
may, with advantage, be made stronger ; in fact, to be 
accurate for the Gram-NicoUe method, the solution 
should be : — iodine, i part ; iodide of patassium, 2 parts ; 
and distilled water, 200 parts. 

Also note that when the specimens are treated with 
alcohol they are very much inclined to fade, so that if 
one wishes to preserve them the methods in which 
alcohol is used are not to be recommended, and con- 
sequently it will be easily understood that better results 
are obtainable with a strong mordant and the use of 
aniline oil as a decolourizing agent ; in any case it will 
be noticed that there are almost invariably a certain 
number of organisms in the field which have not taken 
up the stain at all, and others which are only partially 
stained. The fact that the organism in a stained 
specimen can be seen in all three conditions in the one 
field has been claimed to be an advantage rather than a 
disadvantage, as some writers on the subject might lead 
one to suppose. Tokishige states that the young 
saccharomyces, which are full of protoplasm, easily 
take anihne stains, while those which contain fluid 
plasma never take the usual bacterial stains, and also 
that those granules which are free in the liquor puris 
can never be stained. 

While on the subject of staining, I might mention 
that all the stains required can now be obtained ready- 
made in the form of tabloids, together with detailed 
instructions for use of the same. These preparations 
are most convenient and very portable. 



17 

According to Tokishige the organism is reproduced 
by budding. The cells become elongated, and after about 
a week they become dilated, the central granule enlarges 
and divides into two or more daughter granules of a 
faintly yellowish colour and homogenous quality. The 
swollen microbe often attains a diameter of 6 to 7 and 
even 12*45 ^ ^"^ ^^^ granule 2*5 m- After a time 
the swollen microbe assumes an oblong, cylindrical 
or dumb-bell form, and then by partition it is divided 
into two, three, or more segments, and finally develops 
into a kind of hyphae ; secondary hyphae appear in 
the course of time also by budding, and afterwards 
tertiary hyphae appear from these. 

Plate I shows the organism as demonstrated by 
Tokishige from the so-called Japanese farcy. 

Plate II shows the organism from a preparation 
prepared and stained by Professor Mettam, of the 
Royal Veterinary College of Ireland. 

Plate III shows a pustule in varying stages, and 
also the lesions in the subcutaneous tissues, from a 
photo by Tokishige. 

Culture 

This is obtained with difficulty. The growth is 
always slow, and develops much better in an acid than 
alkaline medium, the temperature not appearing to have 
any marked effect. Tokishige obtained a growth in 
peptonized bouillon, agar-agar, nutrient gelatine, and 
on potato. 

In bouillon, after seventeen days, a white flaky 
deposit, which includes hyphae and cells, makes its 
appearance. On agar, after thirty days, the vegetation 
first becomes apparent in the form of greyish-white 
grains, and in from forty to fifty days a single colony 
c 



i8 

attains a diameter of i to 4 mm., and becomes distinctly 
prominent over the surface of the medium. In a full 
grown colony the surface is wrinkled, the colony is very 
dense and difficult to dissect with a platinum wire or 
crush under a cover-glass. 

Microscopically, it consists of conglomerated 
masses, composed of hyphae, spherical bodies, and a 
number of free granules. The addition of grape sugar 
or glycerine to the medium has no influence on the 
vegetation. 

On nutrient gelatine the vegetation takes place 
more on the upper strata, and in fifty-six days some 
yellowish-white sandy masses of an irregular shape, 
measuring i to 4 mm. in diameter, make their appear- 
ance. The gelatine does not liquefy except by heating, 
when the colony sinks and its growth stops. 

On potato the growth is more rapid, and the 
colonies are of a light-brown colour, but otherwise 
they resemble the growths obtained on agar-agar. 

Fluid media may also be used for the cultivation 
of this organism, but peptone must be added. Tokishigc 
states that it neither grows on an infusion of horse 
dung or hay, nor in a solution of sugar. 

Marcone cultivated the cryptococcus on horse 
serum mixed with 2 per cent, solution of agar-agar, 
glycerine and cane sugar, and got after fifteen days, at 
a temperature of from 32°-37° centigrade, some fine 
greyish specks making their appearance and slowly 
enlarging at several points of the medium ; the growth 
then appears to cease and falls to the bottom of the 
flask, where it forms a thick, uniform, white deposit. 

When the culture is old, if the flask be shaken, it 
becomes opaque, and does not clear up for some con- 
siderable time. 



19 

As might be anticipated, the cryptococci or sac- 
charomyces are often associated with staphylococci, 
diplococci or streptococci, and other organisms, which 
are especially met with in the contents of the pustules 
and abscesses and in the lymphatic glands. 

Plate IV shows a culture made by Tokishige. 

Incubative Period 

My experience is that this may be put down as 
anything varying from three weeks to three months, 
and it may extend to six, eight, or ten months, and 
even more ; in fact, I have one case on record which 
had an incubative period of over thirteen months. I 
have also a few cases on record in which the disease 
recurred after being apparently cured, but in none of 
these did the second incubative period exceed one 
month ; still there appears to be no reason why the 
incubative period for recurrent cases should differ very 
much from that of ordinary ones, and Cranford, writing 
from India, records a case which recurred after fourteen 
months {Veterinary Record^ June 4, 1904). 

In my experimental cases the first symptoms of the 
disease (viz., a nodule) appeared after thirty-two days, 
with pustules bursting on the fifty-third day ; mode of 
inoculation being subcutaneous. Mettam, experimenting 
on the disease recently, informs me that he did not get 
the nodular symptoms until after forty days, that 
pustules formed and burst five days afterwards, and 
that the lesions had all healed again and disappeared in 
a couple of weeks' time after the pustules burst, but that 
now (ist April, 1904), three months afterwards, the 
nodules are reappearing. The mode of inoculation in 
this case was scarification made in two separate places, 
one on the near side of the neck which took, and 



20 

another on the off quarter which up to date shows no 
sign of the disease. 

Tixier, Dclamotte, and Chauvrat by puncture and 
scarification got pustules in from twenty to sixty-six 
days. Delamotte and Peuch state the period in donkeys 
is a month or more. Wiart gives the period as eight 
days to five or six months. Quiclet has seen it take 
eighty-nine days to develop, and Tokishige makes no 
attempt to specify any time. 

Symptoms 

The symptoms are usually found on the skin, but 
occasionally occur on the mucous membrane, and may 
extend to the internal organs. I have personally observed 
the disease in the following regions, viz. : — 

Head — Eyes (conjunctiva), muzzle, nose, face, 
cheeks, lips, submaxillary space, orbital process, and 
inside the external ear. 

Neck — Various parts. 

Trunk — Withers, shoulders, back, loins, chest, 
sides, flank, croup, quarters, hips, tail, anus, vulva, 
perineum, scrotum, and sheath. 

Fore and Hind Limbs — Various parts, from coronet 
upwards. 

Mucous Membrane — Lining of alae of nostrils, 
septum, nasi, sinuses of the head, pharynx, larynx, and 
trachea. 

(i) Cutaneous variety. 

In Plates V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII, 

taken from photographs of cases observed by the author, 
the lesions will be seen in a number of the sites 
mentioned. 



21 



As will be seen from the foregoing remarks, the 
lesions may be found on any part of the body, but they 
are most frequently associated with those parts which 
are most exposed to wounds from kicks, contusions, 
and harness galls. 

Inoculation apparently almost invariably takes place 
from wounds, and may therefore develop from the 
slightest abrasion. 

The disease usually first shows itself at the seat of 
a pre-existing wound, or it may develop from a wound 
not yet healed ; in the former case, the only thing that 
is generally noticed at first is that a small pustule has 
broken out on the edge of an old scar, or adjacent to it ; 
on closer examination tumefaction is generally found to 
exist around the place, and cording and knotting of the 
adjacent lymphatic vessels may also usually be felt 
so clearly that even from the beginning they may be 
frequently seen from a distance. But the time required 
for all these various symptoms to develop varies greatly ; 
sometimes when a limb is the seat of the disease, the 
whole leg may suddenly swell up like an ordinary case 
of lymphangitis, and no cording or nodules may 
be recognized until the acute inflammation and diffuse 
swelling have subsided. At other times, the corded 
lymphatics may be noticed some considerable time 
before any pustules make their appearance, and a long 
chain of nodules may be seen extending along the 
course of the lymphatics of a limb, or, if situated on 
the head, neck, or trunk, they radiate towards the 
nearest lymphatic glands. 

The nodules vary in size, from a pea to a hen's 
egg ; they are well-defined, and at first hard and 
indurated, but as the disease runs its course, they soften ; 
the time required for this change is very irregular, and 
principally depends upon the resistance of the sur- 
rounding tissues. 



22 



Along the course of the lymphatic vessels affected, 
pustules and abscesses are formed, which burst and 
discharge a thick, yellow pus, stained with blood ; the 
abscesses now continue to discharge, and their cavities 
become filled up with exuberant granulations, which, 
protruding beyond the surface of the skin (the edges 
of which are inclined to become inverted), form bright 
red fungoid (rosette) growths, which bleed easily when 
touched, and very much resemble farcy buds. Wounds 
which become infected with the disease may either heal 
up and then break out again, or they may gradually 
take on the appearance of the sores just described. 

The buds, ulcers, or sores, by all of which names 
they are known, are characterized by their bright red 
exuberant granulations and their tungoid appearance, 
as well as by their indurated base and well-defined 
edges ; the adjoining skin, which is partially inverted, 
has a peculiar shiny appearance ; an opening exists in 
the centre of the bud, from which the pus, at first 
creamy, and afterwards yellowish, oily, and curdled, is 
continually discharging. 

Careful examination of these buds or sores will 
show that they are really quite different from those of 
glanders (farcy), and that with energetic treatment they 
have an inclination to heal. 

The disease is commonest in the limbs, and will 
be found in the fore-leg generally extending up along 
the fore-arm to the anti-brachial region and point of 
shoulder as seen in Plates VI, VII, and VIII, or, if it 
extends from the elbow (frequently seen as a sequel to 
capped elbows), it extends across the caput muscles. In 
the hind limbs it has a great tendency to extend along the 
inside of the thigh, as seen in Plates IX and X (where 
wounds due particularly to kicks are frequentlv situated), 
to the groin, and from thence it may wind round the 



23 

back of the thigh or extend along the belly. The 
writer has seen an animal with as many as thirty-three 
sores, varying from the size of a sixpence to a five- 
shilling piece and larger, on one limb. The majority 
of cases observed by me in the fore-limb were developed 
from broken knees and wounds (principally caused by 
kicks) on the inside of the fore-arm ; these cases in 
developing extend as a rule, rather deeply seated, up 
along the flexor brachii muscle to the point of shoulder, 
and often exhibit nodules as large as a hen's tgg, as 
seen in Plate VIII. 

Numerous cases of infection after castration and 
strangles were observed. Those following castration 
were most difficult cases to deal with as schirrus cord 
supervened, and the scrotum and sheath became greatly 
enlarged, indurated, and infiltrated with new formations 
and multiple abscesses. 

Plate XI shows the disease on the edge of the vulva, 
and extending to the perinaeum, and mammary gland. 

Those following strangles, as seen in Plate XII, 
were also greatly protracted, the submaxillary glands 
and submaxillary space became the seat of multiple 
abscesses, and the disease extended round the jaw to 
the cheek along the course of Steno's duct, which also 
frequently became involved. 

After aff^ecting a cure, numerous chains of cica- 
trices may remain, sheaths of tendons, and joints may 
also become affected, causing chronic thickenings and 
enlargements, and the value of the animals to be greatly 
depreciated. Tokishige mentions a large number of 
cases occurring in Japan affecting the testicles, which is 
probably accounted for by the fact that the Japanese 
seldom or never castrate their horses (ponies), and 
when large numbers of them are collected together 
(such as in the army) wounds from kicks and scratches 
on the scrotum are no doubt very common. 



24 

(2) Mucous membrane variety. 

Lesions of the disease on the mucous membrane 
have been noticed by me in some 7 to lo per cent, of 
cases, e.g,^ on the membrane, covering the lining of 
alae of nostrils, covering septum nasi and nasal organs, 
lining the sinuses of the head, the pharynx, larynx, and 
upper third of trachea, and also on the conjunctiva. I 
am inclined to think that the percentage of cases 
observed by me in these parts is probably above the 
average, although Tokishige relates quite a number of 
cases in which the mucous membranes were the seat of 
the disease. 

Plates XIII, XIV, XV, and XVI show very clearly 
the lesions as they were seen in some of those parts, 
and I may here mention that in each case the diagnosis 
was verified by microscopical examination, that of 
Plate XIII being also tested with mallein gave no 
reaction, nor were any lesions of glanders recognized in 
the lungs of any of them. 

The lesions in the nose have been observed by 
me both uni-lateral and bi-lateral, and a tendency for 
them to become bi-lateral was noticed to prevail. 
Some writers on the subject state that, in contrast to 
glanders, the lesions are only found in the lower third 
of the nasal chambers. I have noticed myself that it 
is certainly commonest only in that portion, but have 
ample proof to show that most extensive lesions of the 
disease (unaccompanied by glanders) may occasionally 
be found in all the nasal chambers, and that they may 
also extend to the pharynx, larynx, and trachea. 

Nocard and Leclainche state that the lesions in the 
nose are almost always bi-lateral, that they may extend 
to the pharynx, larynx, and trachea, and, in exceptional 
cases, to the large bronchial tubes. I might here mention 
that in addition to a few characteristic cutaneous cases 



25 

of the disease observed in North China in 1900 and 
1 90 1 amongst Chinese ponies and mules, 1 also saw in 
addition to marked glanders cases, several other cases of 
so-called glanders, showing most extensive lesions on the 
nasal mucous membrane very much resembling glanders, 
but there was no submaxillary glandular enlargement ; 
they did not re-act to mallei n, and no glanders lesions 
could be detected in the lungs or other internal organs 
on post-mortem examination. Many of these cases 
proved fatal in a very short time, and for want of a 
better name 1 considered that they were a form of 
pseudo-glanders ; since then, however, I have seen a 
case of epizootic lymphangitis exhibit very similar 
symptoms ; the disease running a very acute course, and 
rapidly becoming generalized, the animal had to be des- 
troyed. I often wonder if the cases seen in North China 
could, possibly, have been of the same nature, or if they 
were due to some other organism, e.g.^ some form of 
Pasteurella. Anyhow, whatever the disease was, it 
caused many differences ot opinion, especially amongst 
the German veterinary officers. Mallein was, on many 
occasions, again blamed for so-called unsatisfactory 
results, and few seem to have recognized the possibility 
of two diseases, i,e.^ glanders and some other disease 
closely resembling it clinically (with which we were 
unfamiliar), being present and co-existing in many 
cases. 

The lesions on the nasal mucous membrane are 
first noticed in the form of small papules or pimples, 
which rapidly form into vesicles and burst, forming a 
well-defined ulcer with a raised edge and dug-out 
centre as seen in Plates XIII and XIV. They are at 
first isolated, but later become confluent, and tend to 
extend to the cartilage of the septum nasi, causing the 
mucous membrane to become discoloured and greatly 



26 

thickened by exuberant granulations, at times forming 
a kind of polypus, which interferes with the respira- 
tions and causes snuffling. In advanced cases the 
cartilage becomes spongy and the nasal bones necrosed. 
Enlargement of the submaxillary glands may, but does 
not necessarily, as is stated in glanders, accompany nasal 
symptoms, /.<?., it is not constant, and frequently does 
not occur even in advanced cases ; however, when it 
is involved, the gland may be somewhat indurated and 
stiff from suppurative inflammation either affecting it or 
the surrounding tissues, but it is generally movable and 
seldom or never fixed to the jaw and knotty as in 
glanders. 

In cases where the conjunctiva is the original seat 
of the disease, no symptoms may be noticed externally 
for several weeks after the disease has begun to 
develop ; but as it spreads towards the edge of the eye- 
lid, a slight watery or purulent discharge may be the 
first thing detected, and on examination of the con- 
junctiva a pale pink, flat, fungoid granulation will be 
discovered under one of the lids or on the membrana 
nictitans — varying in size according to the age of the 
lesion. In one case (Plate XVII) which I observed, 
the granulation was about the size of the top of a pencil 
when first noticed, and there was no discharge or 
outward symptom of the disease for weeks, and it could 
only be seen when the eyelid was forcibly inverted. 
As the case developed the granulation spread ; as 
soon as it began to protrude beyond the edge of the 
eyeHd the other symptoms then developed fairly rapidly; 
there was then profuse discharge from the eye, the 
whole conjunctiva became inflamed, and later the 
adjacent lymphatic vessels became affected ; the head on 
the same side became greatly swollen, the disease 
spread towards the orbital process, and the case was 



27 

shortly afterwards destroyed. In other cases it continues 
indefinitely simply confined to the conjunctiva, or it 
may spread down the lachrymal duct to the nose. 

When the nasal lesions are slight, there is an 
absence of discharge from the nose, but later on a thin 
fluid, mucous, muco-purulent, or sanious discharge 
develops, presently accompanied by an unpleasant 
odour from the breath. 



General Symptoms 

Except in those cases where the disease is ushered 
in by the ordinary symptoms of acute lymphangitis, 
there are very seldom any systemic changes accompany- 
ing the disease, at least in its early changes, nor for weeks 
or months after it has developed. The temperature 
generally remains normal, but in some cases there may 
be an inclination to very slight intermittent fever, 
which seldom runs above 102°, and only recurs about 
every ten days. The appetite is seldom or never 
impaired, and except in very advanced cases, which 
tend to become generalized, there is no loss of con- 
dition ; in fact, the disease seems to thrive best on 
animals in good condition in which the lymphatics are 
well developed and in good working order ; however, 
in deference to the foregoing symptoms, and those 
usually described, I have to state that I have seen the 
disease, in at least one verified case, rapidly develop and 
run a very acute course, in which the whole system was 
affected. The cases from which Plates No. XIV, XV, 
and XVI were obtained is the one in point. The subject 
was a five-year-old Arab trooper, admitted into hospital 
with simple fever, temperature 103*4. In the course of a 
few days symptoms of purpura haemorrhagica began to 
develop, the nose and extremities became oedematous, 



28 

and the temperature continued to vary from 103 to 
104. The pulse was accelerated, the mucous mem- 
branes were injected and presented a few petechiae, and 
the appetite was impaired. The case was treated for 
purpura, but in the course of about three weeks ulcera- 
tions were detected on the pituitary membrane, and 
simultaneous with these symptoms a profuse discharge 
from both nostrils developed, marked enlargement of 
the left submaxillary gland (on which side the ulcerations 
on the mucous membrane were first noticed) was 
also present, but the gland was quite movable. The 
body became covered all over with a number of pimples 
about the size of a pea, something similar to urticaria, there 
being no particular arrangement ; the swellings of the 
extremities, particularly the hind limbs, increased, but 
cording of the lymphatics was altogether absent, and the 
temperature continued to vary from 103 to 104. The 
case was isolated with a view to being tested with mallein, 
but after ten days, as the temperature remained up, and 
as the case was rapidly becoming much worse (being 
greatly emaciated, and now almost in a dying condition), 
it was destroyed. At this time the ulcerations on the 
mucous membranes were extending, respirations were 
increased, the profuse dirty, sticky, blood-stained 
discharge from the nostrils increased daily ; the pimples 
all over the body had formed into vesicles, which had 
rapidly broken out and discharged, more particularly 
on the backs of the tendons of the hind legs, which 
thereby assumed the appearance of an advanced case 
of glanders. Microscopical examinations of the pus 
from the tissues and from scrapings of the ulcerations 
on the pituitary membrane revealed the cryptococci, 
but no lesions of glanders could be detected either in 
the lungs or in any other part of the body. This case 
was more like glanders than any other verified case of 



29 

epizootic lymphangitis that I have seen, and, previous 
to destruction, I had certainly come to the conclusion 
that it was a case of glanders, although I already knew 
from practical experience that the ulcerations on the 
mucuous membranes had the typical appearance of the 
epizootic lymphangitis, and the submaxillary gland, 
although enlarged, was still easily movable. 

I am indebted to Dr. Lingard for verifying the 
diagnosis of this case by microscopical examination of 
specimens taken from the nasal mucous membrane, 
submaxillary gland, and lungs. I might also mention 
that there was no glanders in the corps to which the 
horse belonged, and that this proved to be the forerunner 
of a series of other cases of epizootic lymphangitis in 
the unit, none of which terminated in glanders, so 
I feel convinced that there was no glanders complication. 
This case was noticed by me in India during the hot 
weather of 1902, and I have gone somewhat into detail 
to show how much some cases of this disease may 
simulate glanders, and how easily mistakes in diagnosis 
may occur if the microscopical examination is not carried 
out, even by those who may think that they are thoroughly 
acquainted with the disease. The cases referred to as 
seen in North China amongst ponies and mules, which 
I then called pseudo-glanders, were very similar to 
the case just described, and are now thought to be 
possibly the same, although they were even much more 
acute. 

Tokishige states that the disease is always of long 
duration, and may last for months, and even years ; 
that acute cases in the true sense of the word never 
occur, and that the disease only assumes an acute 
character when it spreads over a large area of the skin, 
and also to the mucous membranes lining the respiratory 
track. In the slighter cases and even in many advanced 



30 

ones the animal is generally able to do Its ordinary 
work, but when the nasal symptoms develop or cutaneous 
symptoms are far advanced, the animal quickly falls off 
in condition, and emaciation sets in, followed by cachexia 
and death. 

Symptoms in Cattle 

According to Tokishige, also, the following are the 
symptoms found in Japan amongst cattle affected with 
a disease which he recognized as being caused by the 
saccharomyces, in 1890, viz. : — 

The nodules are distributed all over the surface 
of the body without any particular arrangement, 
contrary to those seen amongst solipeds, in which the 
nodules are in beaded chains ; they form clearly-defined, 
indolent lumps, varying from the size of a hazel nut to 
that of a walnut. The development Is much slower 
than in the horse, and the nodules take three times as 
long to come to a head and burst. 

In referring to the disease In cattle, care should be 
taken not to confound It with a disease found amongst 
cattle in Gaudaloupe, known under the name of farcin 
du hoeuf and due to a bacillus discovered by Nocard, 
and which Metschnikoff describes as a streptothrix. 
This disease Is only transmissible to cattle, sheep, and 
guinea-pigs, but does not affect horses or donkeys. 

PosT-MoRTEM Lesions 

The corded and beaded lymphatics observed are 
simply inflamed lymphatic vessels, with their thickened 
walls, their internal membrane Is congested, and the 
ducts are blocked with thick-clotted lymph mixed with 
pus, which is followed by the formation of the abscesses 
(pustules) and granulating sores. The affected parts are 



31 

found to be indurated and thickened by the formation of 
fibrous tissue resulting from the chronic inflammation 
set up by the disease. As already stated, the ulcera- 
tions on the mucous membrane are characterized by 
their round, well-defined, raised borders and dug-out 
appearance. They are at first isolated, but later become 
confluent, and have as a rule a great tendency to granu- 
late, and in advanced and severe cases the mucous 
membrane is either greatly thickened or may be stripped 
ofi^ the cartilage, which becomes gelatinous and spongy, 
and both it and bone eventually become diseased. 
I have seen the ulcerations extend to the pharynx, 
larynx, and upper third of the trachea, and to the 
sinuses of the head, and Nocard and Leclainche add 
that they may extend to the large bronchi, and that 
occasionally specific lesions are found in the lungs. 
Tokishigc mentions that lesions of the disease are found 
in the lungs, but they are very rare, and he points out 
that in many incidental cases lesions of chronic pneumonia, 
pleuro-pneumonia, and pneumonia are occasionally 
found on post-mortem examination co-existing. He 
also mentions that in a few cases grey nodules resem- 
bling those of glanders are found, but he goes on to 
state that when the saccharomyces are present the 
lesions are in the form of a lobular pneumonia, con- 
sisting of an interstitial cell infiltration around the bron- 
chioli and alveoli. He also states having found the 
disease in the liver and spleen. The lesions noticed by 
me in the lungs have been confined to secondary 
strangles, abscesses, patches of indurated pneumonia, 
and numerous small hard nodules varying from the 
size of a pin's head to a pea. These, in many cases, 
very much resembled glanders, but they were not 
surrounded by a hyperaemic zone ; they were invariably 
calcareous and never caseous. Sections of these various 



32 

lesions under the microscope never revealed glanders, 
and mallein testing and experimental inoculations of 
donkeys and guinea-pigs produced negative results. 

Encysted parasites were recognized in many of 
these nodules, and it was concluded that they were 
in most cases possibly due to some parasite, e.g.^ 
echinococcus, sclerostomum, etc. 

Calcareous nodules were also occasionally found 
in the liver and spleen ; these were also frequently 
examined and experimented with, but as glanders was 
in no case proved, or detected, it was concluded they 
were due to other causes, e.g.^ of vegetable or parasitic 
origin. 

Diagnosis 

Under this heading I don't think that I can do 
better than quoting first Nocard and Leclainche, who 
state that the ulcer of epizootic lymphangitis is frequently 
typical, and is characterized by its exuberant granula- 
tions, its bright red colour, its inverted edges, and its 
thick creamy discharge of pus, in fact the appearances 
are all quite different from those of glanders, although 
in old cases they are less characteristic. 

However, as long as any doubt exists as to the 
correct diagnosis, it is advisable to have recourse to all 
the available experimental methods in order to arrive at 
an undisputable conclusion. 

Examination of the pus gives a certain and 
immediate diagnosis. The cryptococcus is said to be 
easily seen without staining with a magnifying power 
of 400 to 500 diameters, but personally I like a power 
of not less than 800 diameters for unstained specimens ; 
the organism is recognized by its size, shape, and 
highly refractory double outline. 



33 

The parasites are almost as easy to find in a 
scraping of mucous membrane or tissue, but are 
generally not so numerous there as in material from a 
fresh pustule. 

Careful mallei n testing should in no case be 
followed by a re-action, except when glanders is 
co-existent. 

An inclination to heal will be noticed in some of the 
pustules and sores, especially when energetic treatment 
is resorted to. 

In the event of suspicious indolent subcutaneous 
nodules being observed, diagnosis might be accelerated 
by extirpation and microscopical examination of sections 
and smears from the nodules. However, I have no 
knowledge of this method of diagnosis having yet been 
carried out, although in dealing with an outbreak I 
have frequently had resort to removing such suspicious 
nodules by complete extirpation as a precautionary 
measure. At the same time, one must remember that 
in dealing with an outbreak every effort should be 
made to reduce the number of wounds to a minimum, 
so in adopting this as a method of diagnosis there are 
many points which require very careful consideration 
before it could be generally recommended. 

Differential Diagnosis 

I. Glanders (farcy), as has been already inferred, 
is the disease with which epizootic lymphangitis is most 
likely to be confounded, and the latter may be 
distinguished from it (glanders) by the following 
points : — 

(i) Healthy appearance of the animal generally. 
Emaciation and unthriftiness being only 
present in very advanced cases in which the 
disease tends to become generalized. 

D 



34 

(ii) Almost invariable absence of fever. 

(iii) Unimpaired appetite. 

(iv) Characteristic appearance of the ulcers and 
sores, which have an inclination to granulate 
and with energetic treatment to heal, and 
further, in some cases to heal with practically 
no treatment. 

(v) The whitish colour and thick creamy con- 
sistency of the pus, 

(vi) The benign and curable character of the 
disease. 

(vii) Non-reaction to mallein. 

(viii) Inconstancy of submaxillary glandular enlarge- 
ment, even in the cases when the nasal mucous 
membranes are the seat of the disease, and the 
fact that even when the submaxillary glands 
are enlarged they are not necessarily fixed to 
the jaw — a symptom which is generally 
accepted to be invariably present in glanders, 
although personally 1 have come to the con- 
clusion that such a condition is not constant 
in glanders either. 

(ix) In the nasal variety, the ulcerations in glanders 
are generally more extensive and, in most 
cases, spread from above downwards, whereas, 
in this disease, the ulcerations are generally 
less extensive, and are more frequently found 
in the lower third of the nasal chambers with 
a tendency to spread upwards ; the discharge 
is less copious, and is not in proportion to 
the lesions found on the membranes. 
(x) The invariable presence of cryptococcus in 
the pus and tissues, its size, characteristic 
appearance and staining. 



35 

(xi) Glanders (farcy) not supervening after experi- 
mental inoculation of donkeys, guinea-pigs, 
horses, and other susceptible animals. 

(xii) The appearance of the culture. 

(xiii) The post-mortem appearances. 

(xiv) The application of the serum test. 
2, Ulcerative lymphangitis. This is a disease 
which has been differentiated from the other forms of 
lymphangitis by Nocard, and is due to a bacillus dis- 
covered by him in 1892, and care should be taken not 
to confound it with the disease herein described, as has 
already been done by many writers on the subject. 

As far as I can gather from the literature on the 
subject, it is a disease that has only been recognized in 
France, although Nocard and Leclainche have a 
footnote in their book referring to Moore's cases as 
possibly simulating the disease ; but judging from 
Pease's pamphlet on the subject, I am inclined to think 
that they were none other than epizootic lymphan- 
gitis, as the cases did not easily yield to treatment, and 
experimental inoculations made from them failed to 
produce orchitis in guinea-pigs, a point which is 
said to be characteristic of the ulcerative form of 
lymphangitis. 

SchwarzkofF, in an article in the American Veterinary 
Review, describes some cases occurring amongst the 
American horses during the campaign in the Philippines 
under the name of tropical ulcers of the horse, which 
Nocard and Leclainche also refer to ; the cases were 
noticed during the rainy season, and may possibly have 
been nothing more than bursatti, or a vesicular eruption 
around the coronets, as is often seen amongst horses 
running at grass during the rainy season in India. 
According to Nocard and Leclainche, the bacillus of 
ulcerative lymphangitis is found abundantly in the pus, 



36 

it is an ordinary saprophyte, and is easily stained by 
Gram's method. 

In this disease the sores are also said to 
resemble very much those of farcy, but there is an 
absence of induration of the lymphatic glands, and 
the ulcers and sores easily yield to treatment. 
Experimental inoculation into the peritoneal cavity 
of the guinea-pig produces orchitis in six to eight 
days, similar to that obtained in glanders and, for 
that reason, may lead to confusion ; however, the 
question is easily solved by resorting to the mallein 
test, and also to the use of other experimental animals, 
e.g., donkeys. The inoculated guinea-pig very seldom 
succumbs to the disease, but it is not uncommon for 
one of the testicles to be almost entirely destroyed ; in 
ordinary subcutaneous inoculation a large abscess forms 
in four or five days, and the adjacent lymphatics become 
invaded. 

Experimental subcutaneous inoculation of a horse, 
mule, or donkey produces an abscess in six to ten 
days. Inoculation with a culture of the organism 
kills a guinea-pig in twenty-four to forty-eight hours. 
Rabbits resist an intraperitoneal injection of a culture. 
White mice are killed in twenty-four to forty-eight 
hours, and a culture of the bacillus can be generally 
obtained from the blood. Pigeons sometimes die four 
to six days after an intravenous inoculation, but fowls 
are refractory. 

The organism has very little resistance and is 
destroyed at a temperature of 56° C. in one hour, and at 
G^'^ C. in less than a quarter of an hour. And, contrary 
to the epizootic form, the treatment is simple — the 
disease is less indolent — and if experimental inoculation 
and mallein testing is resorted to there should be no 
difficulty in the diagnosis. 



37 

3- Simple lymphangitis and its sequelae, i.e., suppura- 
tive lymphangitis, due to acute inflammation and septic 
infection, is differentiated from epizootic lymphangitis 
by the absence of the characteristic symptoms and of 
the cryptococcus, and the presence of various other 
organisms, particularly staphylococci, the streptococcus 
brevis, and occasionally the bacillus necrosis. This 
disease is invariably easily amenable to treatment, 
except when synovial bursa and joints become involved, 
but if the case is at all indolent it is advisable, as a 
precautionary measure, to examine specimens from the 
discharges under the microscope in order to ascertain 
as soon as possible what is actually retarding the healing 
process. 

4.. Tubercular Lymphangitis. Attention to the 
similarity of this disease and epizootic lymphangitis was 
brought to the notice of the members of the National 
Veterinary Association at their recent meeting by Professor 
Mettam, who exhibited an excellent lantern slide showing 
tubercular lesions on the right fore-arm of an ox. The 
clinical symptoms would appear to have been almost 
identical with those seen in Plate VI of this work, and 
a correct diagnosis was only arrived at by the demon- 
stration of tubercle bacillus and the absence of the 
saccharomyces. 

5. Bursatti. This has already been referred to, 
and is a disease seen principally in tropical climates, 
especially during the rainy seasons. It is well known 
in India and Burmah, and in the United States of 
America, where it is known under the name of Leeches. 
Cases are also reported to have been noticed in France. 
The disease is due to the presence of a form of 
mycelium not yet classified, and is characterized by the 
appearance of multiple granulating fistulous sores, 
which do not suppurate but are accompanied by well 



38 

defined tumefaction of the subcutaneous tissues imme- 
diately surrounding them, and by the formation of 
peculiar hard concretions in the centre of the wounds ; 
the latter have little tendency to heal until the 
concretions, or kunkar as they are commonly called in 
India, have been completely removed, and the wound 
treated with strong escharotics and antiseptics. 

Horses and mules are the principal animals 
affected, but cattle are also said to contract the disease. 
Should two or more bursatti sores make their appear- 
ance, particularly on a limb on the course of the 
lymphatics, as they may do, as a sequel to ordinary 
suppurative lymphangitis, they may give rise to 
suspicions of epizootic lymphangitis, but with the 
various means now to hand and the almost invariable 
presence of the concretions, there should be no difficulty 
in arriving at an accurate diagnosis. 

6. Botryomycosis is a disease due to the presence 
of the Botryomyces equi^ which get into the tissues and 
bring about the formation of numerous subcutaneous 
fibrous tumours, often seen under the saddle and collar. 
However, they are easily differentiated by the absence of 
cording, the fibrous appearance of the nodules, and 
by the presence of the specific organism, which is easily 
stained with aniline dyes, notably Loeffler's blue. 

7. The other diseases^ which may be confounded 
with epizootic lymphangitis, are practically all those 
which are mentioned in the differential diagnosis for 
glanders, namely, strangles, and its sequelae, variola 
equina, follicular ulceration, stomatitis contagiosa pus- 
tulosa, injuries of the nasal mucous membrane, carcino- 
mata, sarcomata, actinomycosis, melanosis, and other 
new growths, such as subcutaneous fibrous tumours, 
warts, etc. : parasitic diseases, especially those affecting 
the nasal cavity, urticaria, petechial fever, acne contagiosa, 



39 

vesicular eruptions on the genitals and dourine. How- 
ever, these diseases should be all easily diagnosed by 
their characteristics, together with the presence of their 
own particular organisms, if due to such, and the 
constant absence of the characteristic symptoms of 
epizootic lymphangitis and of the cryptococcus. 

Experimental Inoculation and Susceptible 
Species 

The disease is common to horses, mules, and 
donkeys. Nocard and Leclainche state that mules are 
more susceptible than horses, but my experience is 
thatj given the conditions the same, the susceptibility of 
horses and mules is about equal, and both are probably 
more susceptible than donkeys. 

Tokishige's experiments go to prove that the 
disease may also affect cattle, but I am inclined to think 
that this requires further corroboration, although he 
states that he verified his diagnosis by the presence of 
a form of saccharomyces. His experiments with guinea- 
pigs were in some cases complicated with glanders, so 
are not conclusive, but he failed to reproduce the disease 
in rats, hares, pigs, dogs, and cats. 

Haubert, Delrade, and Wiart's attempts to repro- 
duce the disease in horses failed. Tixier, Delamotte, 
Chauvrat, and Peuch reproduced the disease in donkeys. 
Nocard reproduced it in horses, mules, and donkeys, 
but failed in cattle, goats, and guinea-pigs. Rivolta 
and Micellone succeeded in horses, as also did Bassi 
and Venuta, but they failed in goats. Moore appears 
to have succeeded in a horse and failed in guinea- 
pigs. Lingard carried out experimental inoculations on 
various species of animals in India, but I am not 
aware of his final results. 



40 

Personally, I reproduced the disease in horses, 
mules, and donkeys, but failed in cattle, sheep, goats, 
and guinea-pigs, all the usual methods of experimental 
inoculation being resorted to, but the best results were 
obtained from the inoculation of ordinary wounds. In 
all cases attempts to reproduce the disease by ingestion 
were followed by negative results. 

Recently Mettam reproduced the disease in a horse 
at the Royal Veterinary College of Ireland, Dublin, but 
also failed in the ox, using the same material. 

The inoculations made by the various investigators 
of this disease were carried out in the following 
different methods, viz. : — scarification, artificial inocula- 
tion of wounds and mucous membranes, subcutaneous 
inoculations, and by ingestion. All the methods men- 
tioned, except the latter, appear to have been attended 
with more or less success in the susceptible species, but 
the results show that infection is really rather difficult, 
and may at times fail to reproduce the disease even in 
susceptible animals, or it may only show itself after a long 
time. 

In my experiments carried out in India, the first 
symptom observed, after a subcutaneous inoculation 
on the side of a donkey's neck (simultaneous inoculations 
having been also made in both nostrils by scarification), 
was a small, round, hard, slightly painful enlargement 
about the size of a hazel nut at the seat of inoculation 
on the neck after thirty-two days ; this remained much 
the same for about a week, except that the painfulness 
gradually subsided, and there was a slight inclination 
for the swelling to decrease. 

On the forty-fifth day the enlargement increased 
to three times its previous size, and it became softer 
and more painful. On the forty-eight day it returned 
to its original size. On the fifty-third day a small 



41 

vesicle was noticed to have broken out on the edge of 
the near nostril, leaving a minute ulcer, on a scar 
resulting from scarification, just where the skin adjoins 
the nasal mucous membrane. On the fifty-fourth day 
the ulcer on the edge of the off nostril had increased in 
size, and was discharging slightly. Two small ulcers 
had now developed at the edge of the off nostril, one of 
which was almost on the mucous membrane itself. At 
the same time the enlargement at the seat of inoculation 
on the neck had become partially divided into two 
small nodules, one of which was softening and pre- 
paring to form into a pustule. 

On the fifty-eighth day a small chain of vesicles 
had broken out along the scar on the edge of the near 
nostril, and a pustule had now formed at the site of 
inoculation on the neck. 

On the sixty-seventh day the enlargement on the 
near side of neck had increased, the pustule had burst, 
and was discharging a thick yellow pus ; the small 
ulcers on the edge of both nostrils were increasing 
in size. 

On the sixty-ninth day a corded lymphatic had 
now developed on the near side of the neck, running 
downwards from the pustule. 

On the seventy-fourth day several corded lymphatics 
were radiating from the sore which had now formed on 
the neck, and several other pustules were rapidly 
developing along their course. There was also a good 
deal of discharge from the wound ; and the ulcerating 
sores on the edges of both nostrils were increasing in 
size and beginning to coalesce. The case having first 
been tested with mallein, and, giving no reaction, was 
now destroyed. The post-mortem examination revealed 
that the internal organs were healthy, and no further 
lesions of the disease other than those already described 
were present. 



42 

It occasionally happens that attempts to reproduce 
the disease are only followed by one or more subcutaneous 
indolent nodules, which, after fluctuating up and down 
for some weeks or months, finally disappear, leaving 
no sign of the disease. These conditions are no doubt 
brought about by the active resistance of the tissues, 
and the effect of phagocytes. Nocard and Leclainche 
state that considerable resistance is made by the tissues, 
and that phagocytosis is very active — that the cryptococci 
which penetrate beyond the lymph glands are attacked 
and nearly all destroyed by the leucocytes, but that 
occasionally the organisms get into the circulation and 
set up specific lesions in the lungs. 

A man is reported to have inoculated himself with 
the disease (in the arm) during the early part of an 
outbreak which occurred in Bangalore, India, in 1899. 
I regret that I am not in possession of the facts of this 
case, but I understand that all the symptoms became 
well developed, numerous bubos formed along the 
course of the lymphatics, right up to the arm pit, and 
that after suffering pretty severely from the disease for 
several weeks a cure was effected. 

Another case is reported from South Africa, where 
a man attempted to inoculate himself, but failed. 
Personally I have conducted both the surgical treat- 
ment and post-mortem examinations of several hundred 
animals affected with the disease, under various con- 
ditions, and have from time to time run considerable 
risk of becoming inoculated, but have so far escaped 
the disease. 

Busse in 1895 observed a saccharomyces analogous 
to the cryptococcus of Rivolta in a sarcomatous growth 
on the tibia of a woman, but the further investigation 
of the case tends to prove that this was some other 
organism. 



43 

However, although to my knowledge there is no 
authentic information forthcoming of a human being 
ever becoming infected with the disease, and that 
accidental inoculation appears to be unlikely, I think 
that until something more definite is known about it 
the risk of man contracting the disease is, although 
remote, always to be carefully considered and guarded 
against in dealing with this disease. 

Resistance of the Virus 

According to Rivolta and Micellone, it may be 
destroyed in a few minutes at a temperature of 80° C, 
but that it resists the action of a 5 per cent, solution 
of carbolic acid. My own experience is, that in the 
treatment of the cases, carbolic acid is practically 
useless, and that the only thing that can be relied on to 
destroy the organism is perchloride of mercury, and of 
this a solution of not less than i in 250 is recommended. 

Immunity 

Tokishige states that in Japan the popular idea 
amongst farmers and quacks is that one attack reduces 
the predisposition of the animal to the disease, but he 
himself says that this is questionable and requires 
further investigation. 

Peuch, in writing of African farcy and, no 
doubt, referring to this disease, states that the predis- 
position is diminished after one attack, but most other 
writers on the subject have seldom omitted to point 
out the likelihood of the disease recurring. 

I have personal experience of several cases break- 
ing out again after they had been apparently cured, but 
must point out that, in all these cases, the disease 



44 

developed at the same place in which the original 
lesions were present, and in these cases 1 was of the 
opinion that the organisms had simply become inert for 
the time being, as a result of so many of them being 
removed or destroyed by the treatment, and that gradually 
they began to increase and became active again. 1 do not 
think that reinfection from external sources was the 
cause of their recrudescence, but that simply the cure, 
in the first instance, was incomplete, i.e., all the organisms 
were not either removed or destroyed, and Nocard and 
Leclainche point out that a relapse is to be feared, for 
a long time, from small abscesses containing the 
organisms, remaining in the cicatrized tissues, which, 
breaking out, become a fresh source of infection. 

Predisposing Causes 

On this point opinions seem to differ. 

Tokishige states that the most cases occur in 
animals between the age of three and four years, and 
that it prevails more in low marshy districts than in 
mountainous localities, more in rainy seasons than in 
dry, and more in cold weather than in hot, but that the 
latter is accounted for by the fact that in Japan the 
animals are crowded into stables during the winter ; 
wounds and contusions are more frequent as a result, 
and the modes of infection are, therefore, much easier 
under these circumstances. On the other hand, Lingard 
goes so far as to say that the disease cannot exist in cold 
countries, and mentions that experiments conducted at 
Muktesar, India, have shown that a cure can be effected 
by removing animals to a high level, i.e.y 7,500 feet, 
and recommends it as a method of accelerating a cure. 
Head, writing recently in the Veterinary Record, states 
that he had over one hundred patients at one time 



45 

suffering from the disease in South Africa, and mentions 
that ' a change of air to a high district helps the case.' 

My own experience is that neither climates, 
districts, nor seasons have themselves practically any- 
thing to do with the spread and development of the 
disease, although indirectly they may, as the various 
conditions, which are subject to and altered by them, 
may aid or retard development, and on reference to 
the history and geographical distribution of the disease, 
it will be found that these opinions are fairly well 
substantiated. 

General Methods of Infection 

The infection may be carried by or on anything — 
e.g.y vehicles, soil, fences, dust, gates, stables, harness, 
horse clothing, grooming and stable utensils, litter, 
fodder, parasites, flies, etc. ; by attendants, and more 
particularly by amateur and careless veterinary assistants 
and even surgeons — on their hands, clothes, or on 
sponges, tow, cotton-wool, bandages, bottles and other 
pharmacy utensils, twitches, instruments, necessaries, 
wound dressings, etc. A few cases may infect them- 
selves by contact, or, what is commoner, they may 
infect themselves in one or more places additional to 
that of the original seat of the disease, more especially 
on the lips or mucous membrane of the nose and eyes — 
by rubbing and biting, and in these cases generally 
accidentally, in their attempts to remove flies from a 
wound on themselves which is already the seat of the 
disease. 

Cases affecting the conjunctiva, with no external 
symptom, save a slight discharge which passes unnoticed 
for days, weeks, and even months, are most prolific in 
spreading the disease, particularly in India, where the 



46 

native attendants go from horse to horse with dirty little 
cloths (^c^lled J ar/ians) wiping the horses' eyes and noses 
and infecting them as they go along — in fact, I attributed 
the spread of the disease, in one outbreak which I had 
to deal with, to this same cause. As infection, 
apparently, only takes place by the inoculation of 
wounds, all those conditions which predispose animals 
to wounds and abrasions also as a matter of course 
predispose to the development and spread of the 
disease. Therefore, transmission is facilitated by the 
herding and co-habitation of animals, and this explains 
why the disease is especially associated with army horses, 
more particularly in remount depots, and also amongst 
horses belonging to large companies. Anything that 
retards the healing of wounds also predisposes to the 
spread of the disease, and this fact, no doubt, 
accounts for the disease being more prevalent in warm 
climates, particularly in the rainy season, and in low- 
lying and inundated districts, where flies are very 
numerous, and where the healing of wounds is protracted 
by exuberant granulations with a tendency to bursatti. 
Therefore, the removal of animals to an elevation has 
the advantage of removing those difficulties in com- 
bating the disease, and bears out the observations of 
other writers on the subject. Experiments carried out 
in India proved that the source of infection may be in the 
soil, e.g.^ mud from stable floors, some considerable time 
after the patient had been removed from the stable. 

Treatment 

The great secret of success is an early diagnosis 
and a thorough understanding of the disease. Destruc- 
tion of the virus is the first object to be obtained, and 
this having been accomplished, the parts recently 
affected will rapidly heal. 



47 



External Treatment 

In slight cases, complete extirpation of the tissues 
invaded, followed by the application of the actual 
cautery and antiseptic dressing, is generally to be 
recommended and considered practical, although in 
some few cases very good results have been obtained 
without these drastic surgical methods, which are, 
however, more particularly recommended by French 
veterinary surgeons. The risk of re-infection during 
operating and the blemishes which remain are the great 
drawbacks to this treatment, so that I am inclined to 
recommend the simpler treatment of carefully lancing 
each pustule when ripe, and using the hot iron, in the 
form of small budding irons, together with internal 
treatment, in preference to extensive surgical treatment. 
Once cording of the lymphatics has developed, 
the case is much more difficult to deal with. If, 
however, the cording is localized and well defined, 
it may be possible to have recourse to complete 
extirpation ; the modus operandi is as follows : — Cut 
down on to the lymphatic vessel, and divide it with the 
actual cautery a few inches above the termination of 
the cording ; the affected portion of the vessel is then 
dissected out and removed complete, with the tissues 
and foci from which the disease is developing ; after 
which the operation wound is thoroughly cauterized 
and treated with antiseptics as in the first case. 

In cases where there is diffuse swelling and chronic 
thickening, surgical intervention is much more difficult 
and less likely to be attended with success. However, 
beginning from the periphery, all the affected 
lymphatic cords should be laid open and treated as 
above described, all abscesses and pustules should be 
lanced, their cavities then thoroughly scraped out and 



48 

afterwards treated with the actual cautery and antiseptic 
dressing. 

When operation is decided upon, it must be 
carried out thoroughly, and under strict aseptic 
precautions, great care being necessary to avoid 
re-infection through the operation wound. 

Almost every antiseptic and escharotic has been 
used in the treatment of the disease, and of those 
generally used 1 recommend corrosive sublimate in 
strong solutions, not less than 1-250. 

The appHcation of a good strong blister of bin- 
iodide of mercury is recommended to some cases, as it 
tends to bring the abscesses and pustules to a head, and 
so facilitates treatment. 

Great care must be taken that wounds are not being 
re-infected by flies, dressings, etc., or that the patient 
does not bite them, or rub his nose or eyes in them. 

Internal Treatment 

In this I recommend administrating compounds 
of iodine and mercury, both of which seem to have a 
more or less specific effect on the disease, particularly 
the mercury. 

Corrosive sublimate in doses of half to one grain, 
in solution or put in the drinking water, or bin-iodide 
of mercury in doses of three to ten grains daily, in 
powder placed on the tongue. 

A dose of physic should be administered at the 
outset, the patient kept on soft feeding and given a little 
Epsom salts periodically if thought necessary. 

Mortality and Prognosis 

From statistics the average mortality is about ten 
to fifteen per cent., and under favourable conditions the 



49 

prognosis is invariably favourable, provided that the 
case has not been allov/ed to run too far before proper 
treatment is taken in hand. 1 always look upon the 
prognosis as unfavourable when proper means for 
isolation, and strictly aseptic arrangements for energetic 
treatment, and an intelligent dependable attendant are 
not available. 

The prognosis of cases in which the nasal mucous 
membrane, conjunctiva, scrotum and sheath (after 
castration), joints or sheaths of tendons are affected, is 
generally most unfavourable, particularly those in which 
the mucous membranes are the seat of the disease. 
As it is most difficult to ascertain the extent of the 
disease, the delicate membranes attacked will not stand 
the severe treatment required, and finally it is practically 
impossible to know for certain when such a case is 
absolutely cured of the disease. Therefore very great 
risk to the well-being of the community is incurred by 
keeping such cases under treatment ; in fact, unless the 
most thorough and complete arrangements exist for isola- 
tion and treatment, immediate destruction of all verified 
cases is recommended, particularly where large numbers 
of horses are being dealt with. But again, even these 
stringent measures are not followed by the success 
anticipated, unless every detail of the prophylactic 
measures are most strictly adhered to and intelligently 
carried out. 

Under the most favourable circumstances, the 
time required to effect a cure may vary from one month 
to six or more according to the extent the disease has 
developed and class of case being dealt with. 

Prophylaxis 

I. In the stamping out of outbreaks and the 
prevention of this disease, it is imperative that the 



so 

veterinary surgeon employed should have a thorough 
knowledge of the disease. He should be thoroughly 
acquainted with the appearance of the organism under 
the microscope, and he should be able to examine pus 
and scrapings from suspicious wounds himself, so that his 
diagnosis should be, in every case, quick and absolutely 
accurate. Failing this, a specialist on the disease should 
be employed to investigate the outbreak, and assist the 
veterinary surgeon in charge, and at his inspections, pus 
and scrapings from every wound, no matter how slight, 
should be examined under the microscope ; and during 
his absence, specimens, i.e., smears on slides or cover- 
glass preparations from any other suspicious cases 
which occur, should be forwarded to him for examination 
without delay. 

2. In a unit or stud, in which the disease has 
been recognized, daily inspection of every animal should 
be most carefully carried out, and at these inspections 
the whole body should be carefully examined, especially 
those regions which are most exposed to galls, wounds 
(kicks), and contusions. The mucous membranes and 
submaxillary glands should be examined as for glanders, 
and if there is any symptom of conjunctivitis or 
discharge from the eyes, the conjunctivae should be 
inverted and thoroughly examined ; in fact, in any 
case this detail should be periodically carried out. All 
old scars and subcutaneous enlargements should be care- 
fully noted and watched. The most susceptible regions 
should be carefully handled for symptoms of corded 
lymphatics, and for this a touch acquired by a practical 
knowledge of the disease is a great advantage in 
diagnosis. In the inspection of large numbers of 
horses, it is a great advantage to have two veterinary 
surgeons working together, one on either side of the 
horse, the horses being brought out of the stables and 



51 

led up one by one, and walked quietly back to their 
stall. 

3. The men, and those who are in charge of the 
animals, should be carefully instructed in the rudimentary 
symptoms of the disease, and they should also be 
instructed to immediately point out any animal 
developing swellings, nodules, wounds, or sores, no 
matter how trifling they appear to be, or from what 
they have been due. 

4. The use of sponges, both for grooming 
purposes, and for dressing wounds, etc., in a hospital 
should be discontinued, as also should the small rubbers 
used in India, especially for wiping horses' noses and 
eyes. 

5. All animals recognized as affected with the 
disease should be immediately isolated for treatment, 
or destroyed and cremated, as the case may be. All 
suspicious animals should be isolated separately from 
the others until such time as may be required to 
accurately diagnose whether they are free from disease 
or not, and then treated accordingly. 

6. In an outbreak, even after the organism has 
been recognized, should any case present symptoms 
suspicious of glanders, recourse should be had to 
mallein testing and any other means of diagnosis 
thought necessary ; in case both diseases should prove 
to be co-existing in the one animal, in which case the 
combined prophylactic measures for the stamping out 
of both diseases must be carried out. 

7. Every effort should be made to reduce the 
number of wounds, galls, and other predisposing causes 
of the spread of the disease to a minimum. 

8. The system of having wound dressings in the 
hands of amateurs, and also those of shoeing smiths, 
farriers, and others, for treating slight cases in the lines, 



52 

as has been the custom in our army, as well as that of 
many continental powers, should be discontinued. 

9. In the treatment of wounds the strictest 
asepsis should be observed. Most small wounds and 
abrasions are best left alone, and those that require 
treatment should be sent to the hospital, where they 
should be first thoroughly cleansed with clean cold 
water from a stand pipe. The use of tow and cotton 
wool should be restricted as much as possible, and when 
required a fresh piece should be used for each wound, 
and afterwards immediately disposed of by burning. 
All wounds should be then dressed with a solution of 
perchloride of mercury, strength not to be less than 
1-500, applied with a glass syringe, the nozzle of which 
should not be allowed to touch the wound. A little 
boric powder or iodoform should then be dusted over 
it with an insufflator, great care being also taken that 
the nozzle of the insufflator does not touch the v/ound, 
which, if thought necessary, is covered with a clean 
piece of cotton wool and a clean linen bandage. In the 
dressing of wounds great care should be taken not to 
infect the mouth of the bottle containing the antiseptic 
solution by placing tow or cotton against it in order to 
saturate them with the solution, but a glazed gallipot 
or such like receptacle should be used for decanting as 
much solution as may be required to dress just one 
wound, after which any that remains should be thrown 
away, and the receptacle thoroughly cleaned. Anything 
which goes towards reducing the risk of infection is 
also recommended ; therefore all wounds should be 
covered up either by cotton wool and bandaging, or 
what is often much better, gauze. Disinfectants should 
be freely used in the stables, which must, together with 
their surroundings, be kept clean and free from smell ; 
fly papers may be also used with advantage when 
thought practical. 



53 

10. Harness and saddlery used on infected cases 
should be thoroughly disinfected with perchloride of 
mercury solution 1-250, as far as it is practical, or else 
they should be destroyed altogether, i.e., burnt with the 
carcase, together with the litter, grooming kit, and 
clothing, all of which should invariably also be destroyed. 
The clothing of attendants on infected animals should 
be thoroughly disinfected, if not burnt. 

Periodical disinfection of all the other animals' 
grooming kits, stable utensils, etc., is also recommended. 

11. The stables occupied by infected animals 
should be thoroughly disinfected. The walls, wood- 
work, and mangers first singed, then washed down and 
scrubbed with perchloride of mercury solution, the 
floorings being swilled out with it at the same time, 
after which the walls are washed with quicklime, the 
woodwork is painted, and the floorings sprinkled with 
quicklime. Should the floors consist of mud or other 
permeable material, it is advisable to burn litter over it, 
and then remove at least three to six inches off the 
surface and renew it with fresh material ; the portion 
removed being well mixed with quicklime is buried six 
feet in the ground, and, if possible, in some waste place 
where permeation is least likely to take place. 

12. In a stud where an outbreak has occurred it 
should be considered infected until at least six months 
have elapsed from the date on which the last case was 
either separated from the healthy horses or discharged 
cured when treatment has been adopted ; further, the 
horses of the stud should be kept under observation 
(i.e., their movements carefully reported, so that they 
are not lost sight of) for another six months. 

13. In dealing with outbreaks of this disease 
it is advisable to extirpate all suspicious indolent sub- 
cutaneous nodules, whether the animal is known to 



54 

have the disease or not, as they may possibly contain 
the cryptococcus. Having recourse to this method 
has the advantage of greatly reducing the number ot 
animals under observation, and does away with a great 
deal of unnecessary isolation of many horses which arc 
free from the disease. 

14. When the disease makes its appearance in 
a large stud farm or remount depot, where young stock 
have been running out, it is advisable to have all the 
animals taken up, and either put in stables or picketed 
out in batches of about fifty to one hundred, each 
animal being well clear of the other, so that they cannot 
kick or bite one another, and issues should only be made 
from batches which have been for at least six to twelve 
months clear. All the animals should, after due quaran- 
tine, be issued from the stud, and the stables should 
then be all thoroughly disinfected as already mentioned, 
the land should be dressed with quicklime, which may 
be either left to penetrate itself when the rain comes, 
or be ploughed in and the land then cropped. Even 
allowing it to run to meadow and then burning it 
standing, as can easily be done in a country like India, 
may also be resorted to. If none of these measures are 
adopted, cattle should be run on it for a year before 
being re-opened for horses, mules, or donkeys. 

1 5. Finally, the free use of the microscope cannot 
be too forcibly impressed upon those who may have to 
deal with an outbreak of this disease. Much time and 
unnecessary isolation of animals is saved by an early 
diagnosis, such as can only be made by the microscope. 
Material from suspicious wounds should be periodically 
examined, and even in cases when nothing has been 
detected at first, further examination may prove the 
presence of the organisms. 



55 



Concluding Remarks 

As there seems to be some difference of opinion 
as to the advisability of undertaking the treatment of 
cases of this disease, and also some doubt as to effective- 
ness of the prophylactic measures recommended herein, 
I am giving some statistics in connexion with the last 
outbreak of this disease which I had practically sole 
charge of, at least, from the diagnosis of the first case 
up to a couple of weeks after the last case had been 
recognized and separated from the healthy horses. 

The outbreak, as will be seen, began, or at least 
was first detected, on the 13th May, 1902, and was 
amongst the horses of a cavalry regiment in India 
— strength about 500 horses — the source of infection 
was never satisfactorily decided. The measures taken for 
dealing with it were drawn up by the author. They 
were similar to those which I have detailed in the fore- 
going pages, and the success in stamping out the 
outbreak was considered to be due to (i) Previous 
experience and knowledge of the disease. (2) Early 
diagnosis in every case. (3) Facilities for thorough 
isolation and treatment. (4) Thoroughness with which 
the prophylactic measures were carried out. 

I might mention that the cured cases were allowed 
to return to the lines within one month of being 
discharged, that the regiment proceeded on manoeuvres 
shortly afterwards, and that no cases have occurred in 
this unit since. However, unless one is quite certain 
that such cases are going to be under your own eye for 
some considerable time, it is most advisable to adhere to 
the six months' isolation previously recommended as a 
minimum, especially where large studs and remounts 
depots are concerned. 



56 



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57 

The disease having been recently scheduled under 
the Diseases of Animals Acts in Great Britain and 
Ireland, I am including the orders of the Board of 
Agriculture on the subject, vide appendix. 



The End 



PLATES 



PLATE 1 




Saccharomyces from an abscess (Zeiss Ocul, 4 object, J. Immers) 

From a micro-photograph prepared by Tokishige and 

Dr. Okura 



PLATE II 




From a micro-photograph prepared by the author from a specimen prepared 

and stained by Professor A. E. Mettam at the Royal Veterinary College of Ireland, 

showing a group of saccharomyces clumped together, and also several characteristic 

saccharomyces in various parts of the field, and a large number of pus organisms 

which have also taken up the stain. X 800 diameters. 



PLATE III 




Figs. I to 5 are from drawings by Tanaka. Fig. 6 is from a drawing by Tokishige. 

Fig. I, subcutaneous node ; Fig. 2, cutaneous nodes with crater-like opening a ; Fig. 3, fungoid 

ulcer ; Fig. 4, saccharomycotic changes in hair follicles and in the corresponding subcutis 5 

Fig. 5, transection through cutaneous nodules, a, natural size ; Fig. 6, section 

of skin (picro carmine prep. ; zeiss ocul. 2, object a), a, epidermis, 

it, liair follicles, c, sebaceous gland, </,/,/, saccharomycotic 

herds in the thickened skin and subcutis. 



PLATE IV 






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From a drawing by Tokishige. 

Fig. 7, different forms of saccharomyces; ; a monogranulated, b with finely granulated contents, 

c with two granules, dd semilunar form, e apparently empty,y" with larger granule, 

jf three cells conjoined, // with bud-like appendix ; 1-2 pus corpuscles containing 

many saccharomvces, 3 the same with granules, 4-5 connective 

tissue corpuscles with saccharomyces. 

Fig. 8, colony o) saccharomyces on glycerine agar (about seven months old). 

Fig. 9, vegetative form after a fortnight, a original, h sw-oUen, c spherical form with a number 

of granules, d dumb-bell form, e young hyphen, /"extracellular granule. 

Fig. 10, the same two months old. Fig. 11, the same more than one year old. 



PLATE V 




''^mm^l^ "^tm.^ 



Shows a small typical granulating sore infected with the disease on the lip ot a mule. 

From a photograph taken in India. Diagnosis verified by microscopical 

examination for Mallein testing. 



PLATE VI 




Shows the disease in an Indian country-bred mule, extending from the off knee (the 

seat of infection) winding up forearm to anti-brachial region. From a 

photograph taken in India. Diagnosis verified by microscopical 

examination and Mallein testing. 



PLATE VII 




Shows the disease in an Indian country-bred horse, extending from the knee (the original 

seat of infection) up fore-arm to anti-brachial region, as seen in Plate VIII, the 

continuation of the lesions in the same animal. Diagnosis verified 

by microscopical examination and mallein testine-. 



PLATE VIII 




From a photograph of the same case as Plate VII. Showing nodules in the anti-hrachial 
region varying from the size of a pigeon's to a hen's egg. 



PLATE IX 




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-:_i«iitoife 



Shows the disease in an Australian mare. Affecting the off hind leg, as seen from the 

near side — infection having taken place from a cracked heel, extending up and 

winding round the leg to groin, pustules having broken out in front of the 

hock and inside of the tibia. From a photograph taken in India. 

Diagnosis verified by microscopical examination. 



PLATE X 




Same case as Plate IX, only as seen from the off side. 



PLATE XI 




Shows the disease in an Indian country-bred mule. Extending trom the edge of the vulva 

(the seat of the infection and originally only a small scratch) to the perinaeum, and 

mammary gland. From a photograph taken in India. Diagnosis 

verified by microscopical examination and mallein testing. 



PLATE XII 




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PLATE XIII 





Shows the disease in an Indian country-bred horse. On the nasal mucous membrane of 

the left side, a single typical ulcer. From a photograph taken in India. 

Diagnosis verified by microscopical examination and 

mallein testing. 



PLATE XIV 




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APPENDIX I 



APPENDIX I 

Circular to Local Authorities in Great Britain under the 
Diseases of Animals Acts^ 1894 to 1903 

Board of Agriculture and Fisheries 

4 Whitehall Place 

London, S.W. 

26//^ January^ 1904 

EPIZOOTIC LYMPHANGITIS OF THE HORSE 

Sir 

I am directed by the Board of Agriculture and 
Fisheries to acquaint you that it has been reported to 
them that a contagious disease of horses, known as 
' epizootic lymphangitis,' has recently been detected in 
England and also in Ireland. 

The symptoms of the disease are swelling of one 
of the limbs, usually a hind one, and the formation on 
the swollen member of small nodules which burst and 
discharge matter. In this respect the disease closely 
resembles ordinary farcy, from which, however, it may 
readily be distinguished by microscopic examination of 
the matter discharged from the sores, or by testing the 
horse with mallein. 

The disease being of a very contagious character, 
it is important that cases, if any exist, should be detected 
at an early stage, and the Board therefore think it 
desirable to call the attention of Local Authorities to 
the danger which exists in this connexion. 



The Board consider that the widest publicity 
should be given to the fact that every horse with a 
chronic ' thick leg ' on which sores are present is to be 
suspected of being affected either with epizootic 
lymphangitis or with farcy. Horse owners would be 
well advised to keep a special outlook for the develop- 
ment of such symptoms in the case of horses recently 
acquired by them. The Board would be glad to receive 
early information as to the existence or suspected 
existence of the disease in your district, should such 
information be available. 

The Board will be happy to supply further copies 
of the present circular on hearing from you what 
number you require. 

I am, Sir 

Your obedient Servant 

T. H. ELLIOTT 

Secretary 



The Clerk to the 
Local Authority 



Ill 



ORDER OF THE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE 
AND FISHERIES 

(Dated 5TH April, 1904) 

EPIZOOTIC LYMPHANGITIS ORDER OF 

1904 

The Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, by virtue 
and In exercise of the powers In them vested under the 
Diseases of Animals Acts, 1894 to 1903, and of every 
other power enabling them In this behalf, do order, 
and It Is hereby ordered as follows : — 

Separation of Diseased and Suspected Animals ; 
Notice of Disease 

1. (i) Every person having or having had in his possession 
or under his charge a horse affected with, or suspected of, epizootic 
lymphangitis shall {a) as far as practicable keep that horse separate 
from horses not so affected or suspected ; and {b) with all practicable 
speed give notice of the fact of the horse being so affected or 
suspected to a constable of the police force for the police area wherein 
the horse so affected, or suspected, is or was. 

(2) Every person licensed to slaughter horses who has in his 
possession a carcase of any horse affected with epizootic lymphangitis 
shall with all practicable speed give notice of that fact to a constable 
of the police force for the police area wherein the carcase is. 

(3) The constable receiving such notice shall forthwith give 
information of the receipt by him of the notice to an Inspector of 
the Local Authority, who shall forthwith report the same to the 
Local Authority. 

(4) Where the notice of disease relates to a carcase of a horse 
that has died or been slaughtered in the district of a Local Authority 
other than the Local Authority which received the notice, the latter 
shall forthwith inform the other Local Authority of the receipt of the 
notice. 



IV 

Dut'^ of Inspector to act immediatel'j 

2. An Inspector of a Local Authority on receiving in any 
manner whatsoever information of the supposed existence of epizootic 
lymphangitis, or having reasonable ground to suspect the existence 
of such disease, shall proceed with all practicable speed to the place 
where such disease, according to the information received by him, 
exists, or is suspected to exist, and shall there and elsewhere put in 
force and discharge the powers and duties conferred and imposed on 
him as Inspector by or under the Act of 1 894 and this Order. 

yeierinaty Inquiry by Local Authority as to existence of Epizootic 
Lymphangitis 

3. (i) A Local Authority on receiving information of the 
existence, or supposed existence, of epizootic lymphangitis shall 
forthwith cause inquiry to be instituted as to the correctness of such 
information with the assistance and advice of a Veterinary Inspector, 
or of a veterinary practitioner qualified according to the Act of 1894 
to be a Veterinary Inspector. 

(2) The owner and occupier of any premises on which there is 
a horse affected with, or suspected of, epizootic lymphangitis, or the 
carcase of any such horse, shall give all reasonable facilities for the 
inquiry by the Local Authority under this Article, and any person 
failing to give such facilities shall be deemed guilty of an offence 
against the Act of 1 894. 

Prohibition of Movement by Inspector of Local Authority 

4. (i) A Local Authority, on being satisfied by an inquiry 
under the preceding Article of the existence of epizootic lymphan- 
gitis, shall forthwith take such steps as may be practicable to secure 
the isolation of any horse aff^ected with, or suspected of, that disease, 
and for that purpose an Inspector of a Local Authority may serve a 
Notice in writing (in the Form A set forth in the Schedule to this 
Order or to the like effect) on the owner or person in charge of any 
horse requiring that such horse be detained on or in any field, yard, 
stable, shed, or other place specified in the Notice, and after the 
service of such Notice it shall not be lawful for any person, while 
such Notice is in force — 

{a) to move such horse from or out of such place of detention ; 

or 
(Jb) to permit any other horse to come in contact with any horse 

to which the Notice applies ; or 



(c) to remove from or out of such place any carcase of a horse, 
or any dung, fodder, litter, or other thing that has been in 
contact with any horse to which the Notice applies, without 
the written permission of an Inspector of the Local 
Authority. 

(2) An Inspector of the Local Authority, if satisfied that the 
movement of any horse to which a Notice applies to some other 
place of detention is expedient for purposes of isolation or other 
necessary purposes, may serve a further similar Notice on the owner 
or person in charge of the horse requiring that the horse be detained 
on or in such other place, and thereupon such horse may be moved, 
subject to the directions of the Inspector, by the nearest available 
route and without unnecessary delay, to such place of detention, 
and, when so moved, shall be there detained and isolated in 
accordance with such further Notice. 

(3) A Notice under this Article shall remain in force until it 
is withdrawn by a further Notice in writing (in the Form B set 
forth in the Schedule to this Order or to the like effect) signed by 
an Inspector of the Local Authority. 

(4) An Inspector shall with all practicable speed send copies 
of any Notice served by him under this Article to the Local 
Authority, and to the police officer in charge of the nearest police 
station of the District, and also to the Board. 

Provision as to Cleansing and Disinfection 

5. (i) Any place in which a horse affected with, or suspected 
of, epizootic lymphangitis has been kept, and all utensils, mangers, 
feeding-troughs, pens, hurdles, harness, or other things used for or 
about such horse, shall, as soon as practicable, be cleansed and 
disinfected by, and at the expense of, the owner or occupier of such 
place as follows : — 

{a) The place shall be swept out, and all litter, dung, or other 
thing that has been in contact with, or used about, any such 
horse shall forthwith be well mixed with quicklime and be 
effectually removed therefrom ; then 

{b) The floor of the place and all other parts thereof with which 
such horse has come in contact shall be thoroughly washed, 
or scrubbed, or scoured, with water ; then 

(c) The same parts of the place shall be washed over with 
lime-wash or some disinfectant approved by the Local 
Authority. 



VI 

{(t) In the case of a field, yard, or other place which is not 

capable of being so cleansed and disinfected, it shall be 

sufficient if such field, yard, or place be cleansed and 

disinfected so far as may be practicable. 

{e) Every utensil, manger, feeding-trough, pen, hurdle, harness, 

or other thing used for or about such horse, shall, as soon as 

practicable after being so used and before being used for any 

other horse, be cleansed and disinfected by being thoroughly 

washed, or scrubbed, or scoured with water, and, where 

practicable, washed over with lime-wash, or with some 

disinfectant approved by the local Authority. 

(2) If any person fails to cleanse and disinfect any place, or 

any utensil, manger, feeding trough, pen hurdle, harness, or other 

thing, in accordance with this Article, it shall be lawful for the Local 

Authority, without prejudice to the recovery of any penalty for the 

contravention of this Article, to cause such place or such utensil, 

manger, feeding-trough, pen, hurdle, harness, or other thing to be 

cleansed and disinfected, and to recover the expenses of such 

cleansing and disinfection from such person in any court of 

competent jurisdiction. 

Disposal of Carcases 

6. (i) The carcase of every horse that was affected with 
epizootic lymphangitis at the time when it died or was slaughtered 
shall be disposed of by the Local Authority as follows : 

(i) Either the Local Authority shall cause the carcase to be 

buried as soon as possible in its skin in some proper place, 

and to be covered with a sufficient quantity of quicklime or 

other disinfectant, and with not less than six feet of earth ; 

(ii) Or the Local Authority may, if authorized by Licence of the 

Board, cause the carcase to be destroyed, under the inspection 

of the Local Authority, in the mode following : The carcase 

shall be disinfected, and shall then be taken, in charge of an 

officer of the Local Authority, to premises approved for the 

purpose by the Board, and shall be there destroyed by 

exposure to a high temperature, or by chemical agents. 

(2) With a view to the execution of the foregoing provisions 

of this Article the Local Authority may make such Regulations as 

they think fit for prohibiting or regulating the removal of any 

carcase of a horse, or for securing the burial or destruction of the 

same : Provided that the power to make Regulations under this 

Article shall be exercised only by the Local Authority or their 

Executive Committee and shall not be deputed to any other Committee 

or Sub-Committee. 



Vll 

(3) Where under this Article a Local Authority cause a carcase 
to be buried, they shall first cause its skin to be so slashed as to be 
useless. 

(4) A Local Authority may cause or allow a carcase to be taken 
into the District of another Local Authority to be buried or 
destroyed, with the previous consent of that Local Authority or with 
a Licence in that behalf of the Board, but not otherwise. 

Digging up 

7. It shall not be lawful for any person, except with the Licence 
of an Inspector of the Board, to dig up, or cause to be dug up, the 
carcase of any horse that has been buried. 

Powers of the Board of Jgricultiire and Fisheries 

8. Any powers by this Order conferred upon a Local Authority 
or an Inspector of a Local Authority may at any time be exercised 
by the Board or an Inspector of the Board respectively. 

Local Authority to enforce Order 

2. The provisions of this Order, except where it is otherwise 
provided, shall be executed and enforced by the Local Authority. 

Weekly Returns of Epizootic Lymphangitis 

10. When an Inspector of a Local Authority finds epizootic 
lymphangitis in his district he shall forthwith make a return thereof 
to the Local Authority and to the Board, on a form provided by the 
Board, with all particulars therein required, and shall continue to so 
make a return thereof on the Saturday of every week until the 
disease has ceased. 

Exemption of Army Veterinary Department and Veterinary Colleges 

11. Nothing in this Order applies to horses in stables of 
military barracks or camps, if the horses are under the care and 
supervision of the Army Veterinary Department, or to horses in 
stables of any Veterinary College affiliated to the Royal College of 
Veterinary Surgeons : Provided that nothing in this Article shall be 
deemed to apply to the carcase of any horse, nor to exempt a Local 
Authority from any obligation imposed on them in regard to the 
disposal of carcases. 



Vlll 

Offences 

12. (i) If a horse, or carcase of a horse or other thing is 
moved in contravention of this Order, or of any Regulation made 
under this Order, or of a Notice given under this Order, the owner 
of the horse, carcase, or thing, and the person for the time being in 
charge thereof, and the person causing, directing, or permitting the 
movement, and the consignee or other person receiving or keeping 
it Icnowing it to have been moved in contravention as aforesaid, and 
the occupier of the place from which the horse, carcase, or thing is 
moved, shall, each according to and in respect of his own acts and 
defaults, be deemed guilty of an offence against the Act of 1894. 

(2) If anything is omitted to be done as regards cleansing or 
disinfection in contravention of this Order, the owner and the lessee 
and the occupier and the person in charge of any place or thing in 
or in respect of which the same is omitted, shall, each according to 
and in respect of his own acts and defaults, be deemed guilty of an 
offence against the Act of 1894.. 



Extension of certain Sections of Diseases of Animals Act, 1894 

13. Horses shall be animals, and epizootic lymphangitis shall 
be a disease, for the purposes of the following sections of the Act of 
1894 (namely) : 

Section forty-three (powers of police) ; 

Section forty-four (powers of inspectors) ; 
and also for the purposes of all other sections of the said Act 
containing provisions relative to or consequent on the provisions of 
those sections and this Order, including such sections as relate to 
offences or procedure. 



Intet-pretation 

14. In this Order, unless the context otherwise requires. — 
'The Board' means the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries; 

* The Act of 1894' means the Diseases of Animals Act, 1894 

* Inspector' includes Veterinary Inspector : 

* Carcase ' includes part of a carcase. 

Other terms have the same meaning as in the Act of 1894. 

Extent 

15. This Order extends to England, Wales, and Scotland. 



IX 

Commencement 

1 6. This Order shall come into operation on the eighteenth 
day of April, nineteen hundred and four. 

Short Title 

17. This Order may be cited as the Epizootic Lymphangitis 
Order of 1904. 

In witness whereof the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries 
have hereunto set their Official Seal this fifth day of April, nineteen 
hundred and four. 

T. H. ELLIOTT, Secretary 



SCHEDULE 

Form A 

(Article 4) 

Notice to Owner or Person in Charge of Horse Prohibiting Movement 

DISEASES OF ANIMALS ACTS, 1894 to 1903 

Epizootic Lymphangitis 

To A.B. of 

I, CD. , of , being an Inspector 

appointed by the Local Authority of the [county] of , 

hereby require the following horse, namely : 

to be detained on or in [here describe the field, yard, stable, shed, or 
other place where the horse is to be detained] and I hereby require you to 
take notice that, in consequence of this Notice and the provisions of 
the Order of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries under which 
this Notice is issued, it is not lawful for any person, until this Notice 
is withdrawn — 

{a) to move from or out of such place as aforesaid the horse to 

which this Notice applies ; or 
{b) to permit any other horse to come in contact with the horse 

to which this Notice applies ; or 
(f) to remove from or out of such place any carcase of a horse, 
or any dung, fodder, litter, or other thing that has been in 



contact with the horse to which this Notice applies, without 
the written permission of an Inspector of the Local Authority. 
Dated this day of , 190 . 

{Sigtiect) CD. 
The Inspector is with all practicable speed to send copies of 
this Notice to the Local Authority and to the police officer in charge 
of the nearest police station of the district, and also to the Board of 
Agriculture and Fisheries, 4 Whitehall Place, London, S.W. 

[Read the Indorsement on this Notice'] 

To be printed as Indorsement on Form A 

The Order of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries under 
which this Notice is issued provides that if a horse or carcase or 
thing is moved in contravention of such Order, or of this Notice, 
the owner of the horse, carcase, or thing, and the person for the 
time being in charge thereof, and the person causing, directing, or 
permitting the movement, and the consignee or other person 
receiving or keeping it knowing it to have been moved in contraven- 
tion as aforesaid, and the occupier of the place from which the 
horse, carcase, or thing is moved, are liable under the Diseases of 
Animals Act, 1 894., to the penalties thereby described. 

Form B 

(Article 4) 

Withdrawal of Notice {Form A) to Owner or Person in charge of 
Horse Prohibiting Movement 

DISEASES OF ANIMALS ACTS, 1894 to 1903 
Epizootic Lymphangitis 

To J.B. of 

I, C.D. of , being an Inspector 

appointed by the Local Authority for the [county] of , 

hereby withdraw, as from this day of , 1 90 , the 

Notice prohibiting movement signed by and served 

upon you on the day of , of 190 . 

Dated this day of , of 1 90 . 

{Signecf) C.D. 

The Inspector is with all practicable speed to send copies of 
this Notice to the Local Authority and the police officer in charge 
of the nearest police station of the District, and also to the Board of 
Agriculture and Fisheries, 4 Whitehall Place, London, S.W. 



APPENDIX II 



Xlll 



APPENDIX II 

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND 
TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION FOR IRELAND 

(veterinary branch) 

EPIZOOTIC LYMPHANGITIS 

1 . There has recently been introduced into Ireland 
a contagious disease known as epizootic lymphangitis, 
which affects horses, asses, and mules. It has for many 
years existed among horses in Italy, and in several other 
countries in Europe ; it is also prevalent in India and 
in some parts of South Africa. 

2. The characteristic symptom of the disease con- 
sists of a swollen condition of the lymphatics of the skin 
on the inside of the hind legs, but the same condition 
may also be present on the side of the neck, or on the 
body. In most cases small nodules, varying in size 
from a pea to a hazel nut, will be found, which eventually 
burst and discharge a small quantity of purulent material 
containing an organism — the cryptoccus — which is the 
cause of the disease. 

3 . The cry ptococcus when microsocopically examined 
presents itself as an ovid body, with a distinct double- 
contoured envelope and highly refractile contents. 
Owing to its considerable size and its characteristic form 
it is readily detected under a magnification of 400, and to 
this end it is not necessary to use any stain. The 
organism is easily transferred from the wound of a 
diseased horse to a wound on another horse not affected 
with this disease, and the most common means of such 
transfer is no doubt by the agency of sponges, rubbers, 
brushes, or other stable utensils, which have been used 
about diseased horses, or possibly by the hands of the 
attendant. 



XIV 



4- From the clinical symptoms epizootic lymphan- 
gitis may easily be mistaken for the farcy form of 
glanders : it can, however, be differentiated from that 
disease by a microscopical examination of some of the 
discharge from one of the ulcers, when the cryptococcus, 
which is the cause of the disease, will be found ; or by 
an application of the mallein test, to which epizootic 
lymphangitis does not respond. 

5. In all instances where a case of epizootic 
lymphangitis is discovered the animal should at once be 
isolated, and separate implements should be used 
exclusively for the diseased animal. 

6. Inasmuch as epizootic lymphangitis does not 
ordinarily lend itself to any known curative form of 
treatment, the owner would be well advised to slaughter 
the affected animal at once in order to prevent the disease 
being communicated to other animals in his possession 
or charge. 

7. As the germs of the disease have been known 
to linger about a stable for a very considerable period, 
a rigid system of cleansing and disinfection should be 
applied to the whole of the stable or other place in which 
an affected horse has been kept, and all rubbers, sponges, 
brushes, and stable utensils used about affected horses 
should be burnt. 

MATT. HEDLEY 

Chief Inspector 



Department of Agriculture and 
Technical Instruction for Ireland, 
Veterinary Branch, Castle Street 
Dublin, imd March^ 1904 



XV 



(No. 48) 

ORDER OF THE DEPARTMENT 

OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNICAL 

INSTRUCTION FOR IRELAND 

(Dated 2nd May, 1904) 

EPIZOOTIC LYMPHANGITIS (IRELAND) 
ORDER OF 1904 

The Department of Agriculture and Technical 
Instruction for Ireland, by virtue and in exercise of the 
powers in them vested under the Agriculture and 
Technical Instruction (Ireland) Act, 1899, the Diseases 
of Animals Acts, 1894 to 1903, and of every other 
power enabling them in this behalf, do order, and it is 
hereby ordered as follows : — 

Separation of Diseased and Suspected Animals ; 
Notice of Disease 

I. (i) Every person having or having had in his possession 
or under his charge a horse, ass, or mule affected with, or suspected 
of, epizootic lymphangitis shall {a) as far as practicable keep that 
horse, ass, or mule separate from horses, asses, or mules not so 
affected or suspected ; and {b) with all practicable speed give notice 
of the fact of the horse, ass, or mule being so affected or suspected 
to a constable of the police force for the police area wherein the 
horse, ass, or mule so affected, or suspected, is or was. 

(2) Every person licensed to slaughter horses, asses, or mules 
who has in his possession a carcase of any horse, ass, or mule 
affected with epizootic lymphangitis shall with all practicable speed 
give notice of that fact to a constable of the police force for the 
police area wherein the carcase is. 

(3) The constable shall forthwith give information of the 
receipt by him of the notice to 

(i) The Secretary, Department of Agriculture and Technical 

Instruction for Ireland, Dublin ; 
(ii) An Inspector of the Local Authority ; 
(iii) The Local Authority. 
H 



(4) Where the notice of disease relates to a carcase of a horse, 
ass, or mule, that has died or been slaughtered in the district of a 
Local Authority other than the Local Authority which received the 
notice, the latter shall forthwith inform the other Local Authority 
of the receipt of the notice. 

Duty of Inspector to act immediately 

2. An Inspector of a Local Authority on receiving in any 
manner whatsoever information of the supposed existence of epizootic 
lymphangitis, or having reasonable ground to suspect the existence 
of such disease, shall proceed with all practicable speed to the place 
where such disease, according to the information received by him, 
exists, or is suspected to exist, and shall there and elsewhere put in 
force and discharge the powers and duties conferred and imposed on 
him as Inspector by or under the Act of 1894 and this Order. 

Veterinavj Inquiry by Local Authority as to existence of Epizootic 
Lymphangitis 

3. (i) -^ Local Authority on receiving information of the 
existence, or supposed existence, of epizootic lymphangitis shall 
forthwith cause inquiry to be instituted as to the correctness of such 
information with the assistance and advice of a Veterinary Inspector, 
or of veterinary practitioner qualified according to the Act of 1 894 
to be a Veterinary Inspector. 

(2) The owner or occupier of any premises on which there is 
a horse, ass, or mule affected with, or suspected of epizootic 
lymphangitis, or the carcase of any such horse, ass, or mule, shall 
give all reasonable facilities for the inquiry by the Local Authority 
under this Article, and any person failing to give such facilities shall 
be deemed guilty of an offence against the Act of 1894. 

Prohibition of Movement by Inspector of Local Authority 

4. (0 ^ Local Authority, on being satisfied by an inquiry 
under the preceding Article of the existence of epizootic lymphangitis 
shall forthwith take such steps as may be practicable to secure the 
isolation of any horse, ^ss, or mule affected with, or suspected of, 
that disease, and for that purpose an Inspector of a Local Authority 
may serve a Notice in writing (in the Form A set forth in the 
Schedule to this Order or to the like effect) on the owner or person 



XVll 

in charge of any horse, ass, or mule requiring that such horse, ass, 
or mule, be detained on or in any field, yard, stable, shed, or other 
place specified in the Notice, and after the service of such Notice 
it shall not be lawful for any person, while such Notice is in force — 
(a) To move such horse, ass, or mule from or out of such place 
of detention ; or 

{l>) To permit any other horse, ass, or mule to come in contact 
with any horse, ass, or mule to which the Notice applies ; or 

(c) To remove from out of such place any carcase of a horse, 
ass, or mule, or any dung, fodder, litter, or other thing that 
has been in contact with any horse, ass, or mule, to which 
the Notice applies, without the written permission of an 
Inspector of the Local Authority. 

(2) An Inspector of the Local Authority, if satisfied that the 
movement of any horse, ass, or mule to which a Notice applies to 
some other place of detention is expedient for purposes of isolation 
or other necessary purpose, may serve a further similar Notice on 
the owner or person in charge of the horse, ass, or mule requiring 
that the horse, ass, or mule be detained on or in such other place, 
and thereupon such horse, ass, or mule may be moved, subject to 
the directions of the Inspector, by the nearest available route and 
without unnecessary delay, to such place of detention, and, when so 
moved, shall be there detained and isolated in accordance with such 
further notice. 

3. A Notice under this Article shall remain in force until it 
is withdrawn by a further Notice in writing (in the Form B set 
forth in the Schedule to this Order or to the like eftect) signed by 
an Inspector of the Local Authority. 

(4) An Inspector shall with all practicable speed send copies 
of any Notice served by him under this Article to — 

(i) The Secretary, Department of Agriculture and Technical 

Instruction for Ireland, Dublin ; 
(ii) The Local Authority ; 

(iii) The Police OfHcer in charge of the nearest police station of 
the District. 

Provision as to Cleansing a'ld Disinfection 

5. (l) Any place in which a horse, ass, or mule affected with, 
or suspected of, epizootic lymphangitis has been kept, and all utensils, 
mangers, feeding-troughs, pens, hurdles, harness, or other things 



xvni 

used for or about such horse, ass, or mule shall, as soon as 
practicable, be cleansed and disinfected by, and at the expense of, 
the own er or occupier of such place as follows : — 

(a) The place shall be swept out, and all litter, dung, or other 
thing that has been in contact with, or used about, any such 
horse, ass, or mule, shall forthwith be well mixed with 
quicklime and be effectually removed therefrom ; then 
(^) The floor of the place and all other parts thereof with which 
such horse, ass, or mule has come in contact shall be 
thoroughly washed, or scrubbed, or scoured with water ; 
then 

(c) The same parts of the place shall be washed over with lime- 
wash or some disinfectant approved by the Local Authority. 

(d) In the case of a field, yard, or other place which is not capable 
of being so cleansed and disinfected, it shall be sufficient if 
such field, yard, or place be cleansed and disinfected so far 
as may be practicable. 

(e) Every utensil, manger, feeding-trough, pen, hurdle, harness, 
or other thing used for or about such horse, ass, or mule, 
shall, as soon as practicable after being so used and before 
being used for any other horse, ass, or mule, be cleansed and 
disinfected by being thoroughly washed, or scrubbed, or 
scoured, with water, and, where practicable, washed over 
with lime-wash, or with some disinfectant approved by the 
Local Authority. 

(2) If any person fails to cleanse and disinfect any place, or any 
utensil, manger, feeding-trough, pen, hurdle, harness, or other thing, 
in accordance with this Article, it shall be lawful for the Local 
Authority, without prejudice to the recovery of any penalty for the 
contravention of this article, to cause such place or such utensil, 
manger, feeding-trough, pen, hurdle, harness, or other thing to be 
cleansed and disinfected, and to recover the expenses of such 
cleansing and disinfection from such person in any court of competent 
jurisdiction. 

Movement of Horses, Asses, or Mules, etc., with Special Licence 

6. Notwithstanding anything in this Order, any horse, ass, or 
mule, carcase, or thing may be moved in any circumstance with a 
Licence of an inspector of, or other officer authorized by, the 
Department, which Licence will only be granted where the 
Department, after inquiry, are satisfied that exceptional circumstances 
render the movement necessary or expedient. 



XIX 

Disposal of Carcases 

7. (i) The carcase of every horse, ass, or mule that was 
affected with epizootic lympangitis at the time when it died or 
was slaughtered shall be disposed of by the Local Authority as 
follows : — 

(i) Either the Local Authority shall cause the carcase to be 
buried as soon as possible in its skin in some proper place, 
and to be covered with a sufficient quantity of quicklime or 
other disinfectant, and with not less than six feet of earth ; 
(ii) Or the Local Authority may, if authorized by Licence of the 
Department, cause the carcase to be destroyed, under the 
inspection of the Local Authority, in the mode following : — 
The carcase shall be disinfected, and shall then be taken, in 
charge of an officer of the Local Authority to premises 
approved for the purpose by the Department, and shall be 
there destroyed by exposure to a high temperature, or by 
chemical agents. 

(2) With a view to the execution of the foregoing provisions of 
this Article the Local Authority may make such regulations as they 
think fit for prohibiting or regulating the removal of any carcase of 
a horse, ass, or mule, or for securing the burial or destruction of the 
same : Provided that the power to make Regulations under this 
Article shall be exercised only by the Local Authority or their 
Executive Committee, and shall not be deputed to any other 
Committee or Sub-Committee. 

(3) Where under this Article a Local Authority cause a carcase 
to be buried, they shall first cause its skin to be so slashed as to be 
useless. 

(4) A Local Authority may cause or allow a carcase to be taken 
into the district of another Local Authority to be buried or 
destroyed, with the previous consent of that Local Authority or with 
a Licence in that behalf of the Department, but not otherwise. 

Digging up 

8. It shall not be lawful for any person, except with the Licence 
of an Inspector of the Department, to dig up, or cause to be dug 
up, the carcase of any horse that has been buried. 

Powers of the Department 

9. Any powers by this Order conferred upon a Local Authority 
or an Inspector of Local Authority may at any time be exercised 
by the Department or an Inspector of the Department respectively. 



XX 

Local Authority to enforce Order 

10. The provisions of this Order, except where it is otherwise 
provided, shall be executed and enforced by the Local Authority. 

Weekly Returns of Epizootic Lymphangitis 

11. When an Inspector of a Local Authority finds epizootic 
lymphangitis in his district, he shall forthwith make a return thereof 
to the Local Authority and to the Department, on a form provided 
by the Department, with all particulars therein required, and shall 
continue to so make a return thereof on the Saturday of every week 
until the disease has ceased. 

Exemption of Army Veterinary Department and Veterinary Colleges 

12. Nothing in this Order applies to horses, asses, or mules in 
stables of military barracks or camps, if the horses, asses, or mules 
are under the care and supervision of the Army Veterinary 
Department, or to horses, asses, or mules in stables of any Veterinary 
College affiliated to the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons : 
Provided that nothing in this Article shall be deemed to apply to 
the carcase of any horse, ass, or mule, nor to exempt a Local 
Authority from any obligation imposed on them in regard to the 
disposal of carcases. 

Offences 

13. (i) If a horse, ass, or mule, or carcase of a horse, ass, or 
mule, or other thing is moved in contravention of this Order, or of 
any Regulation made under this Order, or of a Notice given under 
this Order, the owner of the horse, ass, or mule, carcase, or thing, and 
the person for the time being in charge thereof, and the person 
causing, directing, or permitting the movement, and the consignee or 
other person receiving or keeping it knowing it to have been moved 
in contravention as aforesaid, and the occupier of the place from 
which the horse, ass, or mule, carcase, or thing is moved, shall each 
according to and in respect of his own acts and defaults, be deemed 
guilty of an offence against the Act of 1894. 

(2) If anything is omitted to be done as regards cleansing or 
disinfection in contravention of this Order, the owner and the lessee 
and the occupier and the person in charge of any place or thing in 
or in respect of which the same is omitted, shall, each according to 
and in respect of his own acts and defaults, be deemed guilty of an 
offence against the Act of 1894. 



XXI 

Extension of certain Sections of Diseases of Animals Acts, 1894. 

14. Horses, asses, or mules shall be animals, and epizootic 
lymphangitis shall be a disease, for the purposes of the following 
sections of the Act of 1 894 (namely) : — 

Section forty-three (powers of police) ; 

Section forty-four (powers of inspectors) ; 
and also for the purposes of all other sections of the said Act con- 
taining provisions relative to or consequent on the provisions of 
those sections and this Order, including such sections as relate to 
offences or procedure. 

Interpretation 

15. In this Order, unless the context otherwise requires — 

* The Act of 1 894 ' means the Diseases of Animal Act, 1 894 : 

* The Department ' means the Department of Agriculture and 

Technical Instruction for Ireland : 

* Inspector ' includes Veterinary Inspector : 
' Carcase ' includes part of a carcase : 

Other terms have the same meaning as in the Act of 1894. 

Extent 

1 6. This Order extends to the whole of Ireland. 

Commencement 

17. This Order shall come into operation on the twentieth 
day of May, one thousand nine hundred and four. 

Short Title 

18. This Order may be cited as the Epizootic Lymphangitis 
(Ireland) Order of 1904. 

In witness whereof the Department of Agriculture and Technical 
Instruction for Ireland have hereunto set their official Seal this 
Second day of May, one thousand nine hundred and four. 

T. P. GILL 

Secretary 



XXll 

SCHEDULE 

Form A 
(Article 4) 

Notice to Owner or Person in Charge of Horse, Ass, or Mule, Prohibiting 

Movement 

DISEASES OF ANIMALS ACTS, 1894 to 1903 

Epizootic Lymphangitis 

To A.B. of 

I, CD. , of , being 

an Inspector appointed by the Local Authority of the [county] of 

, [or being 
an Inspector of the Department of Agriculture and Technical 
Instruction for Ireland], hereby require the following horse, ass, or 
mule, namely : 

to be detained on or in \here describe the field, '^ard, stable, shed, or other 
place where the horse, ass, or mule is to be detained'\ and I hereby require 
you to take notice that, in consequence of this Notice and the pro- 
visions of the Order under which this Notice is issued, it is not 
lawful for any person, until this Notice is withdrawn — 

(a) to move from or out of such place as aforesaid any horse, ass, 
or mule to which this Notice applies ; 

[b) to permit any other horse, ass, or mule to come in contact 
with the horse, ass, or mule to which this Notice applies ; or 

(f) to remove from or out of such place any carcase of a horse, 
ass, or mule, or any dung, fodder, litter, or other thing that 
has been in contact with the horse, ass, or mule, to which 
this Notice applies, without the written permission of an 
Inspector of the Local Authority. 

Dated this day of , 190 . 

{Signed) CD. 

The Inspector giving this Notice is with all practicable speed to 
send copies of this Notice to 

(i) The Secretary, Department of Agriculture and Technical 

Instruction for Ireland, Dublin ; 
(ii) The Local Authority ; 

(iii) The Police Officer in charge of the nearest police station 
of the District. 

[Read the Indorsement on this Notice] 
To be printed as Indorsement on Form A 



xxin 

The Order under which this Notice is issued provides that if a 
horse, ass, or mule, or carcase, or thing is moved in contravention of 
such Order, or of this Notice, the owner of the horse, ass, or mule, 
carcase, or thing, and the person for the time being in charge thereof, 
and the person causing, directing, or permitting the movement, and 
the consignee or other person receiving or keeping it knowing it to 
have been moved in contravention as aforesaid, and the occupier of 
the place from which the horse, ass, or mule, carcase, or thing is 
moved, are liable under the Diseases of Animals Act, 1894, to the 
penalties thereby prescribed. 

Form B 

(Article 4) 

Withdrawal of Notice {Form J) to Owner or Person in charge of Horse, 
Ass, or Mule, Prohibiting Movement 

DISEASES OF ANIMALS ACTS, 1894 to 1903 
Epizootic Lymphangitis 

To A.B. of 

I, CD. , of , being 

an Inspector appointed by the Local Authority of the (county) of 

[or being an 
Inspector of the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction 

for Ireland], hereby withdraw as from this day of 

19 , the Notice prohibiting movement, signed by 
and served upon you on the day of ^9 • 

Dated this day of , 19 . 

{Signed) CD. 

Copies of this Notice are to be sent with all practicable speed to 
(i) The Secretary, Department of Agriculture and Technical 

Instruction for Ireland, Dublin ; 
(ii) The Local Authority ; 

(iii) The Police Officer in charge of the nearest police station of 
the district. 



INDEX 



Appendix I (Order of the Board of Agriculture, etc., England) i 

Appendix II (Order of the Department of Agriculture, etc., Ireland) ... xi 

Bacteriology ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ii 

Buds, Ulcers or Sores, Characteristic Appearance of the ... ... ... 22, 3Z 

Castration, Infection after ... ... ... **• ... ... ... 23 

Cicatrices remaining after a Cure ... ... ... ... ... ... 23 

Concluding Remark* ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 55 

Cryptococcuf, Characteristics of the ... ... ... ... ... ... 11 

„ Classification of the ... ... ... ... ... ... n 

„ Method of Reproduction ... ... ... ... ... 17 

Culture 17 

„ Appearance of the ... ... ... ... ... ... .•• >7 

„ Growth in Fluid Media ... ... ... ... ... ••• 18 

„ „ on Potato ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 18 

„ Media on which it may be obtained ... ... ... ... 17 

„ Period required to obtain a ... ... ... ... ... ... ^7 

Cure, Period required to effect a ... 49 

Diagnosis ... ... ... ... ... ••• •■• ••• ••• 3^ 

Differential Diagnoiis 33 

„ „ Botryomycoiis 3^ 

„ „ Bursatti 37 

„ „ Glanders (Farcy) 33 

„ „ Other Diseases ... ... ... ... ... 3^ 

„ „ Suppurative Lymphangitis 37 

„ „ Tubercular „ 37 

„ „ Ulcerative „ 35 

Disease affecting the Testicles 23 

Duration of the Disease, Tokishige's opinion of the 29 

Experimental Inoculation ... ... ... ... ... •.• -.• 39 

„ „ Method of 40 

„ „ Incubative Period of 4° 

Farcin du Boeuf 3° 

Geographical Distribution 9 

„ „ in France 9 

„ « •> Sweden 9 

., R""" •° 

» Italy 10 

» Egypt '° 

„ » Guadaloupe 10 



INDEX 

PAGE 

History of the Disease .,, ... ... ... ... ... ... 3 

» „ » in France 3 

» » » » Japan 5 

» » 5. „ India 7 

„ „ ,, „ South Africa ... ... ... ... ... 8 

„ „ „ „ England and Ireland ... ... ... ... 8 

Incubative Period ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 19 

Infection, General Methods of ... ... ... ... ... ... 45 

„ Risks of Human Beings to ... ... ... ... ... 42 

Immunity ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 43 

Introduction ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... i 

Literature on the Disease ... ... ... ... ... ... ... i 

Mortality 48 

Mucous Membranes Variety, Percentage of Cases ... ... ... ... 24 

Nature of the Disease ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2 

Nodules, Characteristics of the ... ... ... ... ... ... 21 

Organisms associated with the Cryptococci ... ... ... ... ... 19 

Plates — 

Post-Mortem Lesions... 

„ „ in the Liver ... 

n >» » Lungs 

„ „ „ Lymphatic Vessels 

„ „ on the Mucous Membrane ... 

„ „ in the Spleen... 

Predisposing Causes ... 

.. » Age 

„ „ Climate 

Prognosis 

„ Favourable conditions 
„ Unfavourable conditions ... 

Prophylaxis 

„ Disinfection of Harness, Saddlery, etc. ... ... Para. 

„ n Stables „ 

„ Glanders (Farcy), Co-existence to be guarded 

against ... ... ... ... ... „ 

„ Inspection of Animals ... ... ... ... „ 

„ Instruction of Attendants ... ... ... „ 

„ Isolation, Period recommended ... ... „ 

„ Isolation and Treatment of Affected Animals „ 

„ Knowledge of the Disease, Importance of ... „ 

„ Methods Recommended for dealing with large 

Studs „ 

„ Microscope, Necessity for the use of the ... „ 

„ Sponges , 

„ Subcutaneous Nodules, Extirpation of ... ... „ 

„ Wound Dressing, system to be avoided ... „ 





30 




31 




31 




30 




31 




3» 




44 




44 




44 




48 




49 




49 




49 


(10) 


S3 


(") 


53 


(6) 


51 


(2) 


50 


(3) 


5« 


(lO 


S3 


(5) 


S> 


0) 


49 


(14) 


54 


(IS) 


54 


(4) 


SI 


('3) 


S3 


(8) 


5» 



INDEX 



Prophylaxis, Wound Dressing system recommended 

„ Woundi, Galls, etc., necessity for avoiding 

Recurrent cases 
Resistance of the Virus 
Saccharomyces 

Saccharomycosis Farciminosus (Rivolta) 
Staining 

Claudius Method 

Composition of the Re-agents required 
Gram-NicoUe method 
Gram-Weigert-Kuhne method 

„ „ „ Mettam's Modification 

Note on the Peculiarities of the Organism 
Species susceptible 
Statistics, Army 

„ Average Mortality ... 
„ Japanese 
,, Naples Cliniquj 
„ of an Outbreak in India 
Sy;nptoms 

„ Acute 

„ Cutaneous Variety... 

„ Mucous Membrane Variety 
„ General 
„ in Cattle ... 

Treatment 

„ External 

„ Internal 

Wounds, Inoculation of 



Para. 



(7) 
(9) 



12 



PAGB 

5« 

»9.43 
43 
30 



16 
13 
H 
15 
15 
16 

39 
9 
48 
6 
10 
S6 
20 

27 
20 
24 
27 
30 
46 

+7 



